Saturday, August 31, 2019

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizational Structures Essay

Departmentalization: Advantage- More specialized in certain fields, communication is excellent because of the knowledge one has about the function of the job, easier to work as a team to get better results. Disadvantage-Staff does not always know the case of the client in detail, other organizations may not always talk to the same person, and very specific job knowledge is required, hard to find a fill in for positions. Matrix Organizations: Advantages-more flexible than departmentalization, more than one person in charge that one can go to for assistance, wider choice for employees that fit the need. Disadvantages-employees are harder to manage due to independence, could increase expenses, more employees needed, lack of loyalty to position, constant team work needed. The Project Team: Advantages-less managers, better communication, less stress on one person. Disadvantages-who is in charge may create conflict, lack of consideration for others, lack of accountability, lack of job focus. The collegial model: Advantages-independent functioning, independent decision making, each person is equal in responsibility, each generates own income, total flexibility. Disadvantages-lack of accountability, lack of authority. In day to day operations the Matrix structure would serve well for a counseling center as its advantages are stronger than its disadvantages, Project Team structure would be the better choice for the center as it has a stronger back bone to carry the center. The Departmentalization structure is the strongest of all choices as it divides the employees by knowledge and has a better opportunity to assist clients. The collegial model would not be efficient in a counseling center as there is no real set structure for day to day operations; its disadvantages are stronger than its advantages.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Euthanasia to Preserve Quality of Life Essay

There is nothing more precious than human life, and one of the most important tasks of our justice system is to preserve the sanctity of it. However, when one asks a person to â€Å"go live your life† or â€Å"live life to its fullest† what is implied? We are expected to inference that we should be more adventurous, try new things, and include enjoyable experiences. Yet, what if we were prevented from doing these things because of a crippling disability, or excruciating, chronic pain? This raises the issue that when there is no quality of life, there is little sanctity in it. Therefore, to preserve quality of life, and security of person, choosing to end a life for merciful reasons, or euthanasia, should be considered a viable option. In R v. Latimer, Robert Latimer’s daughter Tracy was in excruciating pain, underwent several serious operations, had the mental capacity of a four month old infant, and suffered a variety of other ailments. He believed that he was justified in killing his daughter, because in death she would experience no pain, and therefore it was a more positive alternative to her life. In the case of Sue Rodriguez, her life was in a state of slow deterioration, and by the time she deemed there was no more quality in it, she would be unable to commit suicide. Consequently, she pursued the legalization of Assisted Suicide. In her eyes, not to do so violated her Right to Security of Person under s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Examining these cases and the public reactions to them helps to shed light on the controversial topic of Euthanasia. R V. LATIMER Robert Latimer was a Saskatchewan farmer. His daughter Tracy was born with extremely severe cerebral palsy, causing her to be a quadriplegic, have the intelligence of a four month old infant, and necessitate the use of spoon feeding to provide nourishment. Tracy â€Å"suffered five to six seizures daily, and it was thought she suffered great pain† (Dimensions of Law: p. 325). After another surgery was required to insert a feeding tube into Tracy’s stomach to prevent malnutrition, Latimer decided that the quality of Tracy’s  life was so low, it would be a better alternative to euthanize her by putting her in his truck and filling it with carbon monoxide. Robert Latimer was charged with first degree murder for this killing, and was later convicted of second degree murder, and sentenced to the minimum ten years in prison. Latimer believed that because of the extenuating circumstances, that ten years was cruel and unusual punishment. He appealed to the Supreme Court, but his conviction was upheld unanimously. This case provides great interest for a number of reasons. According to Canadian law, what Robert Latimer did was undoubtedly murder. He took his daughter’s life intentionally and with careful consideration. However, under certain circumstances, taking life cannot be considered murder. It is thought very humane to euthanize or â€Å"put-down† a pet that is suffering. Yet, to do so to a human is considered murder. Of course, there is typically a distinction between human and animal intelligence, but in the case of R v. Latimer, Tracy Latimer only possessed the mental capacity of a four month old infant. This means she could not formulate the abstract thoughts that distinguish humanity from animals. All Tracy knew was discomfort, suffering, and slowly degrading health. If she was Robert Latimer’s pet, the majority of society would _look down on him_ for not taking the humane steps and ending this life, and thus her suffering. However, the nature of our legal system means that ending any human’s life, no matter what physical state they are in, is a criminal offence. This should not be, as it violates their right to security of person, which is further outlined in the case of Sue Rodriguez. SUE RODRIGUEZ AND ASSISTED SUICIDE In 1992, a British Columbian woman named Sue Rodriguez started a court case with the intention of altering s. 241 of the Canadian Criminal code. This section states: _†Every one who (a) counsels a person to commit suicide, or (b) aids or abets a person to commit suicide whether suicide ensues or not, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not  exceeding fourteen years†_ (Canadian Criminal Code). Sue Rodriguez had ALS, (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), commonly referred to as Lou Gherig’s disease. This is a degenerative nerve disease that renders an individual to become gradually weakened until she is unable to eat, or even breathe without the help of machines. Ms. Rodriquez wished to enjoy life while she still could. When the quality of her life reached a point that life was no longer worth living, she would be unable to end it by her own hand. She felt that s. 241 of the criminal code violated s. 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which states: â€Å"_Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person and the right not to be deprived thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬ _ (Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms). Rodriguez thought that because the Criminal Code prevented someone from assisting her in suicide, it was violating her right to security of person. She brought this case all the way to the Supreme Court, where in a 5 – 4 decision, they ruled against altering s. 241 of the Criminal Code. About four months after the ruling, Sue committed assisted suicide with the aid of a physician whose identity is still unknown. Sue Rodriguez was facing an impossible situation; she wished to enjoy life as long as she could, but the minute she could no longer enjoy it, she would be too weak to carry out suicide, what she believed was the most dignified way to die. Section 241 of the Criminal Code made it illegal for a doctor or other person to assist her, and she saw this as a clear violation of her right to security of person. Rodriquez felt she was becoming â€Å"a prisoner in [her] on body†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the current laws were enforcing this. If a person wishes to die, it is their right to do so. In Canada, there is no law against attempted suicide, and therefore there should be no law against those who need assistance to end their lives. Like Euthanasia, it is the humane thing to do to assist someone in their decision to end their lives, and s. 241 of the Criminal Code should be altered to accommodate this. In both the aforementioned cases, the goals of these two participants in euthanasia were not to diminish the rights and freedom of the suffering individuals, but rather to uphold them. In the case of R v. Latimer, his daughter suffered in chronic agony, and was unable to even formulate conscious thought. To continue existing in such a declining state of health  was merely torture. As for Sue Rodriguez, she was fully able to make the decision that she wished to end her life, but lacked the faculties to do so without assistance. It was a clear violation of her right to security of person to force her to live in a degrading body, and experience the pain that went with the disease. It is only reasonable that alterations be made to Canada’s justice system, particularly s. 241 of the criminal code. Although the sanctity of life is paramount in importance, when that life is no longer worth living, it should be up to that person, and/or the duty of that person’s closest relations to help them end their suffering, by engaging in euthanasia.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Histology Detective and Brains Cape Essay

This case study focuses on the identification of metastatic tissues — cells that are â€Å"out of place† causing tumors elsewhere in the body. Name the cells you identified in this sample of lung tissue and the main characteristics that you can use to distinguish them. From the observation of the sample there are variety of cells which can be identified as melanocytes. The main characteristics that can be used in distinguishing them is their attachment to the stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Moreover, they are larger and darker compared to the surrounding calls. Melanocytes are densely packed and have only one nucleus. How did you use the main characteristics of different tissues that you learned in your lecture and lab sections as the basis for identifying those cells responsible for the tumor? I applied my histology knowledge from my lectures in distinguishing the features of different cells. I had knowledge on how melanocytes and the natural cells look like on a slide hence it was very easy distinguishing and describing the cells. The cells under observations were abnormal from their look. They were larger in size, darker in color and round. Moreover. Their nucleus were larger compared to the other nucleus of the normal cells and has less cytoplasm. The melanocytes on the slide is always darker compared to the normal cells. According to Garbe et al (2010), there exists significant differences between the tumor cells and the native cells since the tumor cells are widespread in the extracellular fluid, are larger, much darker and more so cube shaped. On the other hand, the native cells are packed densely, smaller, and elongated. In addition to the information in the case presentation (including the web sites contained in the case itself), what other information did you find to determine the identity of the cells and whether one type of cell had migrated from elsewhere in the body? Where did you find this information? What does each of these additional items contribute to the solution of the case? For example, the item contains data from specific tests, trials, or experiments, or presents analyses that can be used to understand the main issues in this case. The article â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of melanoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline† provided experimental illustrating melanoma components. This affirmed that native cells can be differentiated from the invasive cells by features such as arrangement, form and color. The study used histology in identifying the invasive cells from the non-invasive ones (Garbe et al, 2010). In the NIH article, â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma,† majorly the study was based on histology. The study distinguished fully developed melanoma and the early melanoma by categorizing their histological features. Moreover, they identified melanoma stages and different types of melanoma with application of histology (NIH et al, 1992). In the third study, researcher physicians in two universities in three different melanoma cases of various origins in the body. However, all the characteristics of the abnormal cells were distinguished to be melanocytes. The identified abnormal features of the cells are similar to the ones in this case study, hence proving that the abnormal cells observed in the lung tissue were melanocytes (Sonda et al, 2008). What other findings or information in this case are consistent with the information you located? Name those similarities in each of your additional resources. How do these resources apply what you have learned about identifying tissues and cells histologically? From the article I reviewed, there was similarity with the case study in many areas. First, all the studies and the case used a similar method in diagnosing melanoma. They applied the cells histological characteristics in determining their status whether they are noninvasive or invasive cells. The characteristics identified helped in classification of the cells and in determining their origin. What findings or information in each of the additional resources are not consistent with the findings in this case? Name those differences in each of your additional resources. How do these resources apply what you have learned about identifying tissues and cells histologically? In the article â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma,† the study asserted that the cells making melanoma were the stratified melanoma epithelium (NIH et al, 1992). This contradicts the results of the case If your proposed resolution of the case is correct, what other observations might we expect to find in this case? Other observations we might find include metastasis of the tumor to other organs hence the patients could suffer from other compounded problems like neurological problems, digestion and bleeding. Give your solution to this case and, on a scale of 1–5, rate how confident you are in your conclusions in questions 1 and 2 I would rate my confidence at 5 out of 5 because of the observable characteristics of melanoma In considering your resolution and level of confidence level from question 8, describe how you located the information you used in this case. To begin the search, I started with the most comprehensive data base that is Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (NINAH) (Kennedy 2009). The search then continued to search engines such as British Nursing Index, MEDLINE. Moreover PubMed and NCBI were other major search engines which assisted some of the relevant articles. These search engines were used because they contained most of the peer review articles and books. To limit and narrow down the search for articles, internal searches of the databases was used by inserting full length of texts and searching the relevant articles from the list of journals displayed. Moreover, I limited myself to the current articles of up to 5 years What you might do differently if you had it to do over again? For example, would you use different resources and strategies? Different information?First, I would use different relevant articles to make companions of different studies. Moreover, I would try using group work to get opinions and arguments of different group member. References Garbe, C., Peris, K., Hauschild, A., Saiag, P., Middleton, M., Spatz, A., Grob, J. J., †¦ Eggermont, A. (January 01, 2010). Diagnosis and treatment of melanoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline. European Journal of Cancer, 46, 2, 270-283. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19959353Kennedy, J. R. (2009). Library research guide to education: illustrated search strategy and sources. Ann Arbor, Mich, Pierian Press.NIH Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Melanoma, & National Institutes of Health (U.S.). (1992). Diagnosis and treatment of early melanoma. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Office of Medical Applications of Research. Retrieved from http://consensus.nih.gov/1992/1992Melanoma088html.htmSonda, Vemon K., MD, Zager, Jonathan S., MD, Messiana, Jane L., MD. Hemonc today. (2008, Oct 10). Retrieved from http://www.hemonctoday.com/article.a spx?rid=37772 Source document

Pentateuch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pentateuch - Essay Example â€Å"For most of the first eighteen centuries of the Christian era, Pentateuch authorship was considered pretty much settled matter. Most people accepted the view that the Pentateuch was composed by Moses, the great law giver and deliverer of Israel from Egyptian bondage.†(King, 2001)Later intellectuals intervened and did the obvious. Outside the faith based conservative seminaries and churches, the scholars held the view that Moses was not the author of the books and they are compilations of works of many writers over an extended period of time. Jean Astruc (1684-1766) was a renowned Professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris. Apart from his treatise on medicine, he wrote a book that was published anonymously relating to a critical textual analysis of works to scripture. He discussed the fundamental part in the origins. According to him, the Genesis was composed by using many sources and manuscript traditions. This approach is known as The Documentary Hypothesis. Most of the universities teach in the religious studies that Pentateuch is a composite work relating to four literary strands. These strands are identified by letters, J, E, D and P. Each syllable represents a document or the source that has been incorporated in to the Bible. Documentary theory and the Graf-Wellhausen theory, support this approach. According to this view, the letter "J" stands for the Yahwist ("J" from the German Jahweh) narrative, coming from the period of the early Jewish monarchy, about 950 B.C. "E" stands for the Elohist narrative from the region of the Northern Kingdom dating from about 750 B.C. "D" is best represented by the book of Deuteronomy and is said to have originated in the Southern Kingdom about 650 B.C. or later. And finally, "P" is the priestly document that comes from the period after the fall of Israel in 587 B.C. The composition of Pentateuch reached its consolidated form by about 400 B. C. Some

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Race and Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Race and Genetics - Essay Example Since then it has been a subject of debate whether these differences have a genetic basis. 'The high habitability of intelligence and the difficulties of formulating credible environmentalist explanations' have been pointed to explain the difference. Jensen, A. Robert. Intelligence, Race and Genetics. (1999). West View. The arguments by Jensen that intelligence is largely due to hereditary, including racial heritage raised a lot of discussion. Some of the explanations given by the environmentalists include, bias in the tests, the adverse social and economic living conditions of the blacks, discrimination and prejudice and the historical legacy of the slavery, which has demoralized blacks. (Flynn, 1980) Flynn, J.R., Race, IQ and Jensen. (1980). Routledge & Kegan, P. Sarich (2004) made cogent arguments that white race and racial differences are real. He said that the race as a concept is older than the Colonial Europe. Differences in intelligence correlate to the concept of race. Sarich, V. The Reality of Human Differences. (2004). West View Press. Rushton has divided the population in three groups. Africans and Negroes in one group are referred as blacks, Europeans as whites and East Asians and Mongolians in one group as Orientals. He believes that the race differences start in the womb. The blacks are born earlier and grow quicker. They also achieve a faster sexual maturity, family stability and population growth.Rushton, J. Phillip. Race, Evolution and Behavior. A Life History Prospective. (1997).Transaction Publishers. Rushton describes studies that show a consistent pattern of human racial...Since then it has been a subject of debate whether these differences have a genetic basis. 'The high habitability of intelligence and the difficulties of formulating credible environmentalist explanations' have been pointed to explain the difference. Some of the explanations given by the environmentalists include, bias in the tests, the adverse social and economic living conditions of the blacks, discrimination and prejudice and the historical legacy of the slavery, which has demoralized blacks. (Flynn, 1980) Sarich (2004) made cogent arguments that white race and racial differences are real. He said that the race as a concept is older than the Colonial Europe. Differences in intelligence correlate to the concept of race. Rushton has divided the population in three groups. Africans and Negroes in one group are referred as blacks, Europeans as whites and East Asians and Mongolians in one group as Orientals. He believes that the race differences start in the womb. The blacks are born earlier and grow quicker. They also achieve a faster sexual maturity, family stability and population growth. The Orientals on the other hand have the largest brains and IQ. The difference in the race is both due to genes and environment.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Final Field Experience Summative Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final Field Experience Summative Report - Essay Example The first day offered education and training in making the apple crisp, the second day’s lecture was upon the food and food safety with some Nutrition activity (Puzzles). Third day involved sewing the 2 hall button and preparing to make pillows while the fourth day involved sewing. B. Description of instruction observed On the first day, the students were asked to make the apple crisp. To make sure that all students participated in the activity, the teacher arranged all students in the groups. Roles assigned to the members of the group included measuring oats, mixing margarine and cleaning apples. As the students performed these tasks, the teacher kept a close eye upon the students to ensure complete participation and cooperation by the students. The second day’s lesson was more theoretical than the first day’s lesson. On the second day, the teacher delivered lecture on food and food safety. He required the students to make notes so that they would pay attention throughout the lesson. The teacher did not permit any discussions among the students in this lecture. The teacher made the students pay attention towards the lectures by asking them questions randomly or asking them to repeat what he had just said. Students that would not be able to do that felt embarrassed. Thus, the teacher controlled the students psychologically. No student wanted to become prominent as a bad student, so everybody paid attention. C. Teacher transitions A teacher uses transitions to build up the students’ concepts and help them identify the links among the various lessons. Once the teacher starts the lesson there maybe need to transition either between topics or different subjects. To make the transition smooth from one lesson to another, the teacher first gave a recap of... On the first day, the students were asked to make the apple crisp. To make sure that all students participated in the activity, the teacher arranged all students in the groups. Roles assigned to the members of the group included measuring oats, mixing margarine and cleaning apples. As the students performed these tasks, the teacher kept a close eye upon the students to ensure complete participation and cooperation by the students. The second day’s lesson was more theoretical than the first day’s lesson. On the second day, the teacher delivered lecture on food and food safety. He required the students to make notes so that they would pay attention throughout the lesson. The teacher did not permit any discussions among the students in this lecture. The teacher made the students pay attention towards the lectures by asking them questions randomly or asking them to repeat what he had just said. Students that would not be able to do that felt embarrassed. Thus, the teacher c ontrolled the students psychologically. No student wanted to become prominent as a bad student, so everybody paid attention. A teacher uses transitions to build up the students’ concepts and help them identify the links among the various lessons. Once the teacher starts the lesson there maybe need to transition either between topics or different subjects. To make the transition smooth from one lesson to another, the teacher first gave a recap of the previous lesson. This way the students remembered what the last lesson entailed.

Monday, August 26, 2019

Communications Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communications Assessment - Essay Example However, the success of a person depends on his ability to judge his strengths and weaknesses. Once weaknesses are identified it becomes easier for the individual to overcome them. However, the strengths motivate him to maintain them and further research what needs to be done for a more successful outcome. Hence, it can be said that strengths and weaknesses both are important for a sustained excellence in the leadership profession. The weaknesses of my leadership communication skills that I have observed are discussed in this part. Leaders are aimed to direct their sub-ordinates towards the specified goal. Their job requires special care and consideration. I have observed that I do not give any detailed information about my instructions. This is because I find it difficult to share my views in groups. It can be taken as strength as it saves a lot of time. But if we look closely, the job of a leader is not to compel people do what they are asked to do. In fact, leadership is a skill to motivate people on doing a particular task. It demands to have such an influence on the sub-ordinates that they willfully and enthusiastically move towards a common goal. Without explaining the reasons for a particular act it is impossible to gain the interest of subordinates in the work. A work done without interest will always be less accurate than a work done with interest and having a goal oriented approach. The effects of this weakness do not end here. Due to my short and restricted instructions the subordinates may feel uncomfortable to question about anything. Hence, the subordinates may restrict their questions to themselves which may affect the performance and may end up in an unexpected outcome. Moreover, I am not able to show my emotions properly. Even if the work of subordinates please me or is better than expected, I find it difficult to show my pleasure, happiness, contentment and satisfaction. One cannot, however, deny the importance of these expressions. It

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The Quality of Risk Management in the Civil Engineering PowerPoint Presentation

The Quality of Risk Management in the Civil Engineering - PowerPoint Presentation Example In some cases only money is at stake, but all these concerns must be brought to bear during the planning process and identify so that evaluations of the inherent dangers are efficient. Additional statistics are provided to allow for comparison and evaluation in diverse industries to permit a more thorough understanding of risk calculation strategies as well as the ramifications of inadequate considerations. This investigation categorizes various forms of risk and provides recommendations relating to timetables, and the budgetary constraints that are inherent in any such endeavor. A brief history of the international construction market has been researched with implications that can be felt around the world. New regulatory paradigms are touched upon, in which project organizers are required to develop a mastery not only of the legal constraints of their own country, but also of the interplay between multinational financing and local laws. Differences which foreign contractors must kee p in mind relate to the availability of construction equipment, local labor practices and regulations, and in some cases the actual political stability of the region. These difficulties must be itemized before scheduling, before the budget is finalized, and before the first shovel touches the construction site. The construction industry itself is expressed in a global sense, and this project describes the implications of international pursuit that is worth over $3 trillion annually. (Bon, 2000) while it is true that most recently the United States has been the largest single market for construction, when the fortunes of a country become favorable that creates a climate of intensified economic activity which in and of itself can encourage foreign investment in both directions. A stable and profitable country is an excellent place for other investors to set up shop. Furthermore, when a country becomes a good place to do business, financial interests within that country are then more a ble to find more foreign investments raising the prospects of other countries, such as China, for example. This research provides advice for budgetary planners in the quantification of risk, as well as the awareness of the need for surplus planning, cushioning in terms of money and time that should be included in the initial cost calculations for projects of international importance in civil engineering. There has been considerable recognition worldwide of the needs of risk management in the civil engineering sphere and a variety of theoretical methodologies have been pioneered by experts in this field. The details of various management and risk evaluation criteria for engineering projects are also discussed. METHODS There is an assumption in this article, and among other researchers that risk can be boiled down in relatively simplistic equation format: Risk equals =likelihood x consequences. (van Rijn, 2004.) Risk management criteria and various evaluation schemes are described her ein. It is important for planners to make the delineation of a risk versus threat the uninformed are likely to identify as threatening even those events which have vanishingly small probability the distinction must be drawn between every possible worst case scenario, and reasonable damages that are predictable for any project involving construction under the relevant circumstances. Accident statistics have been compiled to illustrate the discontinuity between what the public worries about and what is likely to injure the average person.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Lizzie Borden Not Guilty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lizzie Borden Not Guilty - Research Paper Example There was a difference in what someone could have had as a profile behind closed doors. Society's perception of the individual was more important for the morality of the situation. All evidence, which was collected before the trial showed that she could have killed her parents as it was circumstantial. She was judged on a legal technicality. The purpose of this paper is to prove you that only one side of this issue can be accepted. Time will be spent explaining the family dynamics, showing the initial interrogation, and the trial. The paper will conclude with the personal assumption that she did not have the psychological profile to be a serial killer. Before 1860 both daughters lived as spinsters in the Borden house. Those who were raised in the rising social and financial class moved out of the area. If a family stayed, their girls only were able to meet working class men, which was a social problem for Victorian women at the turn of the century. Mr. Borden refused to move even tho ugh he had risen to the upper classes of society. He had started as an undertaker and moved up to a business owner. His daughters could not find anyone who corresponded to their social status. At 32, it would be impossible for Lizzie ever to get married (Whiteman). There were many spinsters in their neighborhood who they socialized with. Their father contributed to the dynamics by refusing to refurbish their house with the proper amenities. He refused to connect to the sewer or to the water system. He refused to use anything other than kerosene lamps. (Masterson 38). Lizzie complained to her father constantly about the living conditions. Lizzie was quoted as embarrassed to have friends over to the house. It was an oddity that all the doors of the house were locked with keys. They had previously been burglarized on two different occasions. (Lizzie.com) His daughters had their own private entrance to their rooms and often ate by themselves. Their house appeared to be a maze. Lizzie on ly social life was with the Church's women's group. She also taught at Sunday school. This is somewhat incongruous with her home life. She appeared to be socially accepted because she was allowed to teach at school. She and her sister lived an isolated life without the amenities which they deserved to have. Some say she lived on a yearly stipend but others say she received anything she asked for. Lizzie lived a boring and depressing life with no outlook of it ever improving, a common social problem for New England Upper class women in the 19th century (Roggenkamp 67). Emma also lived under the same roof without any potential for a future. Total frustration was their sort in life. None of them got along with their step-mother or their father. There were always disputes. That particular day, they had all been suffering from food poisoning and the maid had become furious for having to clean the windows in the sweltering heat. More will be said further on about the family dynamics. It w as a common social ethic of the end of the Victorian era (19th century) that women could not possibly have the thought, or the strength to do such a heinous crime. Was she hiding for somebody else or for everybody because of the living conditions? If she knew the guilty person, she eventually could say, if she had to. (Brown Interview) Because of this preconception of the marble like statue of women, she was denied with counsel at her first questioning as she was told she did not need it.(Lizzie.com) At the first

Friday, August 23, 2019

Introduction and Conclusion for Accounting Paper Essay

Introduction and Conclusion for Accounting Paper - Essay Example he report argues that it is vital for companies today to pay attention to issues which affect their bottom line of gross profit, taxes, and net income. The report reviews FASB standards for valuing inventory, at or below market value, which the accountant must do. Supervision of inventory is something that falls into accountants’ responsibilities and job duties, along with when and where to capitalize interest on construction projects being done by the firm. Perhaps the most important accountancy duty covered in the current investigation, however, remains recording gain or loss on asset disposal—accuracy in this accounting duty is integral to the firm’s success, as well as good reputation. The report proposes the straight-line, declining-balance, and sum-of-years approaches, while giving real world examples of equations which may be used in this most important part of accounting. It is also important to consider the importance of adjusting goodwill for impairment in a way that can provide the company with valuable information relative to future investment planning, in order to again, optimize profits and revenues for the firm. The current report has looked at why an accountant would require various documentation from a client, and has also shown real world demonstrations of equations used for recording gain or loss on asset disposal (one of the most important required tasks for accountants, and one which can be done in a variety of ways). The report has also looked into issues of adjusting lower cost of market inventory, capitalizing interest on building construction, and adjusting goodwill for impairment. Each of these functions has its separate use for accountancy, and these various uses form a holistic picture of what may be expected from on-the-job performance tasks. Some of the tasks, such as adjusting inventory, may be very long and complex, depending on the depth and age of the company’s inventory stocks. The accountant must present these

Thursday, August 22, 2019

A Language Killer Essay Example for Free

A Language Killer Essay It is undeniable that English language is a powerful language. It is spoken in most part of the world especially in developed countries for instance the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. This is an inescapable process of globalization, the process of extending social relations across world-space. Globalization leads to the commonness of English in several fields such as science, technology, economy, politic etc. The result of this is English dominating the world and disregarding minority languages. That is why English language is often named as â€Å"a killer language† that wipes out smaller languages and their cultures by exclusive use. The phenomenon of the exclusive use of English is caused by the attitude of a person or a community toward English. This attitude cannot be directly observed, it can be seen from the expression of positive or negative feeling toward it. This attitude may enable a language to grow and prosper or to decay and die. In this case, while English as a global language is growing, other minority languages are dying. The prominent reason for English dominating the world is positive feeling of speakers toward it which reflects in degree of importance, elegance, and social status. For instance in the degree of importance, English holds an important role in education, technology, politic and economy. The speakers of it feel that it is important to be able to speak and understand English because a wide range of information is provided in English. Beside there is a common believe in countries where English is spoken as a second or foreign language that knowing English makes people clever, to speak English is all we needed, when someone speaks English we think he is educated, when someone speaks English it creates a good impression for him, speaking English helps to get a job, people who speak English have more friends, people would like to be considered as a speaker of English, if they have children they want them to speak English, and they feel sorry for people who cannot speak English. I myself also feel the same ways. Those kinds of feeling lead English become a dominating language on earth. The consequence of this attitude is English as international language will spread widely. English becomes such a need which is required to be fulfilled in today’s life. Everyone has to be able to understand English, both orally and written. While this is happening, on the other parts of the world there are some less powerful languages which are trying to survive or even dead. Regarding to this phenomenon, UNESCO classifies languages as follows: When the number of people speaking a language is actively growing, it is considered healthy. When children are no longer taught a language, it is considered endangered. When a language is spoken by only a handful of elderly people, it is considered moribund. When no one at all speaks a language as a first language, it is considered extinct. It is so sad to know that from thousands of languages on earth; almost half of people of the world speak one of six dominant languages, English, Mandarin Chinese, Hindustani, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. The other small languages are left behind. It is very important to preserve languages in terms of protecting any cultures. If it not, the world will become monotonous. Even if English language is very influential, we should maintain our identity, our nationality, that we have our own language that we can be proud of. Language will just die if the people will obviously no longer use it, but preserving it is one way of showing to the whole world how united we are as a nation because language is a keystone of culture.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

White Noise by Don DeLillo Essay Example for Free

White Noise by Don DeLillo Essay White Noise is Don DeLillo’s breakout novel that won the National Book Award in 1985, catapulting the author into the elite circle of well-known postmodern writers. It deals with the main protagonists’ fear of death amidst the superficial consumerism that overwhelms America during the late 20th century. The novel follows the life of Jack Gladney, a college professor in a school known as The-College-on-the Hill. He teaches Hitler studies, a discipline he invented himself, and lives happily with his fifth wife, Babette, and his four children from different women. During this period, America is undergoing transformation wherein the nation develops strong attachment to materialistic values brought by the inevitable modernization. Jack and his wife are caught in the web of industrialization that brings complications into their lives instead of comfort. The machines, televisions, supermarket and traffic noises creates an irritating sound that continuously hums in their head, compounded by the incessant whining of consumerism. The momentary luxury they get from many various products is replaced by emptiness that lingers with them for a long time, and during this period, the protagonists develop a peculiar fear of dying. In this early part of the book, Chapters 1-14, Jack’s fear of death is gradually revealed; it has been lurking in his mind as he observes that his life seems going too fast for him. Here, Jack’s fear of dying is seen as not a because of the physical pain brought by death or the terror of being thrown into the eternal flame of hell; rather, he is afraid to die because he cannot leave everything behind. He earned his success. He worked hard to establish a prestigious status in his school, even going as far as doing silly things, like wearing elaborate robes in the school campus, just to solidify his credibility. He cannot allow a mere dying to cut him from the glory he is enjoying on earth. Besides, he has a loving wife and healthy children that he is sincerely proud of. The first fourteen chapters do not show the entirety of the book, but they are enough to portray the patience of Jack as a father to his children and his dedication as Babette’s husband, despite his previous four marriages to different women. All these cause him to dread death even more. This paranoia becomes a disturbing spectre that influences his judgments and rendering him inefficient at times. He tries to find strength in Babette, who Jack describes as ample and reliable woman. In fact, Jack favors Babette over his previous wives because of her strong character. However, it turns out that Babette, too, is afraid of dying. Suddenly, their marriage is consumed by the spectre of death. They often talk about it over dinner and in almost every occasion. The question of who is going to die first is prevalent in most of their conversations, and soon enough, the topic becomes a part of their daily interaction. The issue has been looming in their thought all along, and when it is brought into open, things change between them and in their family. They become more preoccupied with the thought of death than with the welfare of their children. Thier anxiety over the issue dominates most of their waking hours that they tend to set everything aside. This novel is significant to the readers. It gives a moral lesson that death is a phenomenon that should not be feared about. It has been a part of human existence and must be accepted as such. One must not dwell too much on the thought of dying. It must be understood that it happens to everyone, regardless of race, age, sex or status. Every human life ends in death and nobody can change it. Instead of focusing much on the thought of death, which gives nothing but worries and anxiety that can ruin happiness, the best thing to do is to enjoy life to the fullest. Another revelation of the story is that no material things in the world can mask the gloomy effect of death. Latest technology, impressive packaging of products and the flashiness of popular culture give momentary comfort, but they cannot conceal the terror of death. Work Cited: DeLillio, Don. White Noise. Penguin (Non-Classics), January 7, 1986.

Theories Used to Increase Work Motivation

Theories Used to Increase Work Motivation INTRODUCTION Employees are organizations, best asset as stated in American Psychological Association, 2006. The businesses of todays market emphasize on how to motivate subordinates in order to create productive and high-quality work environment. The case study states different methods to advance staff motivation for the satisfaction and increase in work performance of changing work environment. In Part A, the study involves the application of Herzbergs Two-Factor theory, Lockes Goal-Setting theory and Job design theory in a telecommunication firm called O2. O2 is a leading provider of mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses in the UK To understand the theories of work motivation, the case study interprets the structured interview of an O2 sales advisor. After analysing the interview; suggestions were made to enhance the sale advisors work motivation. In Part B, there is a discussion on identifying the national culture differences and compare whether they would be effective for the Indian working environment from that of Part A. The theories are compared to a sales advisor of an Indian telecommunication industry named Airtel. According to Konsik et al (2007), Airtel is Indias largest telecom industry. JOB DESCRIPTION The sales advisor at O2 in the UK is responsible for the promotion of the companys products and its brand to potential customers, including solving their problems and tackling their complaints. The job role is designed to meet the targets and the person should possess good communication skills and should be confident (Randstad, 2010). The daily duty for the position is consisted of client reception, product and service introduction, selling phones and business contracts signing. THEORIES TO INCREASE WORK MOTIVATION In order to understand more about the job role, we interviewed Mr Ademola Abimbola who presently works as a sales advisor in O2 (see appendix exhibit 1). From the interviews, it can be seen that numerous methods of improving work motivation has been applied in O2, yet there is a possibility to increase it by using Goal-Setting theory and Herzbergs two-factor to enhance performance and satisfactory need. In this part the three theories will be analyzed and evaluated. HERZBERG Creating a good working environment internally and externally is essential for a personnel. From the interview, it appears that the environment for O2s workplace is likely to be improved by adopting Herzberg two-factor theory. This theory was proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959, who introduced five motivators, such as achievement and recognition, to contribute people toward satisfaction and another five hygiene factors containing company policy, supervision and other elements, associated with peoples unsatisfactory in their jobs (Robbins and Judge, 2001, pp.212-214). It is suggested that businesses should use intrinsic motivators to increase subordinates satisfaction that improves extrinsic working conditions not to make people dissatisfied. Nevertheless, it seems that job satisfaction does not contribute to job productivity; but the theory assumes that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and productivity (Robbins and Judge, 2001, p214). JOB CHARACTERISTIC MODEL Mr. Abimbola is given responsibility and autonomy to some extent, yet job characteristics model (JCM) may make him reach a higher level and thus Job Design will be introduced. Hackman and Oldhams JCM is based on job enlargement and job enrichment to address five core dimensions skill variety, task identify, task significance, autonomy and feedback to lead to favourable work motivation, performance, satisfaction and low absenteeism and turnover by cultivating experienced meaningfulness, responsibility and knowledge of results (Grant and Parker, 2009, p.320). Accordingly, this model can be introduced to improve satisfaction and performance. Whereas it seems powerful among work design theories, there are critique and limitations. Aldag, Barr and Brief (1981) argued that relationship between job characteristics and work outcomes was not strong. Furthermore, one paper addressed that the model did not obviously lead to job satisfaction when the employee concerned more about welfare (Robb ins and Judge, 2001, p.271). GOAL SETTING Goal Setting is an effective method to lead a positive effect over a period of time (Tolchinsky and King, 1980, p.455). Goal Setting is introduced to motivate employees at O2. According to Locke and Lathams Goal Setting theory (1990), staff setting is clear and difficult goal will improve higher performance than staff setting their own goals (McCracken and Brown, 2010, p29). When employees are assigned to their targets, their behaviour towards it depends on the degree of their conscious acceptance (Yukl and Latham, 1975, p.824). Therefore, the theory concludes that personnel performs better in the job when they receive feedbacks (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.220) and suggests commitment to goals. However, there is criticism of this theory that it might be effective for simple jobs with few goals than a managerial job with many tasks; particularly when the tasks were difficult to be measured (Yukl and Latham, 1975, p.842). Moreover, another study argued the effectiveness of Goal-Setting that might be from different culture; but it may be effective for cultures with low power distance but not workable for countries with high uncertainty avoidance (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.220). In addition, satisfaction, turnover and absenteeism are not stated in the theory; which is another limitation. Goal setting has many limitations while it may be one of the most influential theories of motivation. Only few studies dispute that setting a specific and difficult goal contributes to higher productivity (Judge and Robbins, 2001, p.236). CHOICE OF PREFFERED CHANGES HERZBERGS THEORY OF MOTIVATION Frederick Herzberg conducted various studies on the working environment of employees and factors leading to their satisfaction and dissatisfaction. With the help of these studies, he found out that factors that were causing job satisfaction were not the same as the factors causing job dissatisfaction. He termed the factors causing satisfaction as motivators and the factors causing dissatisfaction as hygiene factors. Motivators include factors such as growth, achievement, recognition, advancement, work itself and responsibility. Hygiene factors include supervision, company policy, salary, work conditions and internal relationships shared with employees (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.212) It is essential for every organisation to satisfy both; the psychological and physiological needs of an employee. Psychological needs are connected to the emotions of an employee that are important to succeed and achieve the goals. These needs motivate an employee to grow in the organisation. Physiological needs are the materialistic needs of an employee. They can be fulfilled by providing material benefits. After conducting interviews (see exhibit 1), it is observed that the working environment of O2 includes various forms of motivators as well as hygiene factor. At O2 the psychological needs of an employee are satisfying, as the working environment is very informal and friendly. The employees have a direct communication at their workplace. O2 provides employment opportunities by introducing them to numerous people thereby increasing their networks. This is one of the utmost motivating factors for an employee. On the other hand, O2 is unable to fully satisfy the physiological needs of an employee. According to the structured interview (Exhibit 1), Mr. Abimbola claims that there are various benefits provided to him such as 25% discount on handsets, vouchers for retail stores such as River Island and Top man, pension schemes, eye test, 28 days annual leave and various other benefits for friends and family. However, he is not satisfied with these perks and tends to compare them with the benefits provided by other organisations. They look up to organisations like Virgin, which provides a lot of additional benefits such as good commissions and free holidays. GOAL SETTING THEORY Setting specific goals and targets give a direction to the work achieved by an employee. O2 provide Mr Abimbola an estimate of the task that he is expected to achieve. Once he is committed to the goal, he makes sure to achieve it. Thereby it can be said that goals are a great source of motivation for an employee. Moreover, setting difficult goals make an employee put in a 100% effort and results in better performance and higher productivity (Robbins and Judge, 2009, p.219). In this organisation, the staffs are included in setting of the goals. According to the interview (see exhibit 1) these goals are revised and reset every three months. However, O2 maintains a policy of setting up very challenging targets but also making sure that they are attainable. This way of functioning makes the job very stressful for the employees; nevertheless it also improves their overall productivity and performance. Justification of the choice After analysing the interview of Mr Abimbola, it appears that he is not satisfied with the perks and benefits that O2 have been offering during his time of working for the company. Due to this, his physiology needs were not fully met. Mr Ademola states that he admires mobile companies such as Virgin, who provide far more benefits such as joining UK Tribe, which is joined by only employees of Virgin and provides them numerous deals and offers. Recommendations such as vouchers for retail stores should be exchange with a discount card of a certain percent off, discount on travel insurance, discount on holidays, discount on restaurants and bars and discount on leisure and amusement organisations such as Alton Towers and Madame Tussauds. These recommendations should be reinforced with the benefits that the staffs of O2 are currently receiving. With these changes, the job performances of the staff in O2 will enhance, providing them motivation in providing good service and most importantly satisfying their physiology needs. The addition of the recommended benefits should not give a negative effect to the performances of the staff. However the employer should not provide too many goals and targets that are not attainable by the staff. Even though according to the Goal Setting Theory, setting difficult goals can make an employee put in a 100% effort and result in better performance and higher productivity, setting over the extreme difficult goals can cause the staff to not achieve the goals, which will result in bad performances and lower productivity. O2 is one of UKs leading providers of mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses. 2. According to O2, they had more than 40 million fixed and mobile customers across Europe and in the UK they have 18.4 million customers. So with these facts, the opportunity of employing extra benefits for their staff is possible. With their high and impressive reputation, O2 can negotiate deals with other organizations to implement discounts for their staff. If O2 can invest money and time to ensure that these extra benefits are made for their staff, they will witness a soar in work performance from their staff and overall productivity. Consequence of the change Based on the preferred changes that have taken action, the employees should be satisfied with their psychological and physiological needs, leading them to succeed and to achieve the goals set by the O2. Satisfying the employees needs will increase their work performance and work commitment. At the same time, O2 should witness a soar in work performance from their employees and their overall productivity. However, everything could be double edge sword, as the changes are applied, there are resistance problems which will rise in the process of implementing new changes which may result in change failure or even a negative effect on both employees and O2. Resistance to changes According to Mr Abimbola, it is not ambiguous to see that he resisted against potential changes. The possible action he may take to resist the change will be meeting up with other employees in his working environment and negotiate with his manager. Although he believes that most of the other employees in O2 will accept potential changes in the future, it is considered that Mr. Abimbola will not be the only one who resists changes in working environment. Resistance to changes usually exist in organisations, that are threats to the originations, and every firm is striving to overcome them. Researchers are also working hard in find a way to minimise the resistance. Richard Derwent Cooke (2009), who is a specialist in developing and implementing plans for deflating resistance, developed a framework to overcome resistance to changes, which is shown below (Figure 1): Cooke (2009) stated that in order to deflate the resistance of change, the managers should understand what causes the resistance to occur. There are different reasons why people resist changes, they are differentiated regarding to industries, job position, place, time and many other aspects. Hellriegel and Slocum (2007) Suggested that there are two types of resistance in the organisation which are individual resistance and organisation resistance. According to this case, individual resistance is the key situation for O2. These two authors list six common reasons why people resist changes: the first one is perception; second is personality; and job habit could be one reason. However, the most 3 common reasons are: Threats of power and influence, and fear of unknown, as well as economic reason (Hellriegel and Slocum, 2007). According to the situation, Cookes framework of method is considered to be the appropriate solution for the case of O2s situation. Therefore, in this case what the manager needs to do is to understand the reason behind the resistance. However, in order to do this, the manager needs to communicate with his subordinates and listen to what they think of the change. Finally the manager should do something in response to solve the problems, such as make employees know what exactly will happen if the changes take place or the manager could guarantee employees in advance with certain unchanged after change. PART B INTRODUCTION In order to understand the differences of the work environment in India, we proposed to conduct a structured interview of a sales advisor in Airtel. According to Konsik et al (2007), Airtel is Indias largest telecom industry. The basis of the interview was the same that was conducted for the sales advisor at O2 Company. This allowed us to compare and understand the way of working and applied culture for the same job role in India. JOB DESCRIPTION According to the structured interview conducted, the job of Mr Mayur Goyal is to achieve the required sales target and deal with the queries of the customers approaching him. The daily duty of the sales advisor in the UK (O2) is similar to the daily duty of the sales advisor in India (Airtel) (see exhibit 3). THEORIES OF MOTIVATION HERZBERG TWO FACTOR THEORY According to Herzberg two factor theory, Mr Mayur Goyal is satisfied with the kind of working environment which can be also seen from the interview conducted (see exhibit 3). The communication between the management is followed by a rigid hierarchy and is not comfortable. According to Handy (1996), the working environment is categorised a Role Culture which involves getting the targets achieved quickly and creatively. The operations are carried out by following a certain set of rules and regulation as decided by the company. The communication between the management is complex where they can not directly reach the mangers. Head of Department Team manager Sales Assistant On the other hand, the working environment in O2 is categorised as Task Culture where the targets are achieved quickly and creatively. Moreover the communication between the management is flexible. In other words, the lower management staff can directly approach and communicate the manager. Sales Assistant Head of Department Salary and benefits are one of the crucial internal factors in any organisation as mentioned in the Herzbergs two factor theory environment (Robbins and Judge, 2001). As for the interview conducted in India, Mr Mayur is not satisfied with the kind of salary offered by Airtel but is satisfied with the benefits (see exhibit 2). Whereas on the other hand, Mr Abimbola at O2 is satisfied with the salary offered but he would like to have increased margin of commission and also the increase in the benefits from the company. Moreover as seen from exhibit 1 Mr. Abimbola says that there is lack of staff, due to which the work load increases. This makes the job tedious and the efficiency as a whole reduces. On the other hand, Mr Mayur works efficiently as there is appropriate staff. Hence it makes it easier for him to achieve targets. Hence it can be concluded team work is an important aspect of the internal environment of Herzberg which results in motivation at job. JOB DESIGN The structured interview (exhibit 2) shows that Mr. Mayur has no pressure of working environment, moreover he achieves more than the desired targets. Hence it clearly shows that there isnt any work load on Mr Mayur. In addition, he is working in the industry since 3 years and yet was not given any kind of promotional benefits. Ironically, although the job of Mr Abimbola is target oriented and he struggles with the kind of load set to him due to the shortage of staff as said by him in exhibit 1. Still Mr Abimbola claims to be satisfied from the working environment and also with the kind of responsibilities and benefits provided to him (exhibit 1). Hence it can be observed though the job is same in both the countries, but the working environment is satisfying in UK as compared to India. GOAL SETTING As seen Goal Setting deals in identifying of various goals that are effective in producing the improved levels of motivation and performance in a job environment (Locke, 1968). According to exhibit 1 and 2 it can be clearly seen that the jobs of both sales advisor are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time Bound. Therefore it can be concluded that both are given a similar type of goals to achieve but, Mr. Mayur completes more than the desired targets set to him giving an optimistic opportunity if compared to the job design of Mr. Abimbola. Hence it can be assumed that Mr. Mayur is more motivated and focused towards his job as compared to Mr. Abimbola. As seen in exhibit 1 Mr Abimbola is given a responsibility of getting involved in setting of the targets with his managers but if compared with Mr. Mayur the case is not the same. Therefore it is observed that there is a communication gap between Mr. Mayur and his managers. As a result he cannot provide any suggestions or recommendation in the setting of targets. Therefore in conclusion from above analyses of theories, it can be stated that there is a difference in organisation structure. In other words Indian job environment is functional structured organisation where there is inappropriate communication due to rigid hierarchy. Whereas the UK environment is a Boundary less structure organisation where the chains of command are eliminated and this results in flexibility. Conclusion The case study majorly considers the different ways in which the work motivation of employees doing a job role can be improved to lead to increased job satisfaction and work performance. It is essential for every organisation to satisfy both; the psychological and physiological needs of an employee. The theories that were used in the research are Herzberg Two factor theory of Motivation, Job Design theory and Goal setting theory of Motivation. With these theories we made recommendations and the results showed that following these theories increases the job satisfaction and work performance of employees. In addition the similar kind of job was taken into consideration in India, and studied the cultural differences in the motivating factor of both the jobs of a same kind but in a different working environment. After the analysis conducted by the use of motivational theories, it was experienced that there was a magnificent amount of culture difference in the job. As a conclusion we can say that the UK job was more satisfying in terms of exposure and responsibilities to be performed in the job as compared to Indian environment which had satisfied Mr. Abimbolas psychological and physiological needs.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Sojourner Truth Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Sojourner Truth was born in 1797, in Hurley N.Y. Sojourner was born into slavery, and was given the name Isabella Baumfree. Sojourner’s parents, were also slaves, in Ulster county N.Y. Because slave trading was very prominent in those days, Sojourner was traded and sold many times throughout her life. Sojourner ran away from slavery before the Emancipation act was published, and decided to change her name to Sojourner Truth. This name bares great meaning, because she intended on telling the truth to all people about slavery. Sojourner also wanted a religious name, and she felt that this name would best suit her purpose. Sojourner set out on her mission, to educate all people on the subject of slavery, and became a very powerful speaker. She became an influential speaker for women’s rights, as well for the abolishment of slavery all over the country. She became famous for being the first black women to speak out against slavery. Sojourner died at her home in Battle Creek, Michigan on November 26, 1883. She left behind a legacy of ideas and principles for other great black leader to follow. She will always be remembered for her courage, perseverance, diligence, and patience. Her Birth And Parentage Sojourner Truth, originally named, Isabella Baumfree, was born, between the years 1797. She was the daughter of James and Betsey, slaves of one Colonel Ardinburgh, Hurley, Ulster County, New York. Colonel Ardinburgh belonged to that class of people called Low Dutch. Sojourner can give no account to her first master, because she was a young infant when he died. Sojourner and her parents, along with a number of other slaves, became the property of Charles Ardinburgh, son of the deceased master. She distinctly remembers hearing her father and mother say, that their lot was a fortunate one, because their new master, Charles, was the best of the family, because he was very kind to his slaves. James and Betsey, by their faithfulness, docility, and respectful behavior, gained favoritism, and received a lot of land. This land lay on the slope of a mountain, on which they managed to raise a little tobacco, corn, or flax, which they exchanged for extras, in the articles of food or clothing for themselves and children. Who was Sojourner Truth? Sojourner Truth came to Northampton in 1843 to live at the Northampton Association of Education and Industry, a ut... ... no mand could head me! And ain't I a woman.† Conclusion Sojourner Truth has overcome many obstacles in her life, which have made her the great historical icon that she is today. She will always be remembered for her courage and bravery that helped make a difference. Sojourner has made many sacrifices in her life that has not only benefited herself, but many others. Sojourner fled from her life of enslavement to find a better life for her and her children. She did whatever she could do to free her children and to keep them safe. After gaining her freedom, Sojourner set out to free others who were enslaved all over the country. She realized that this would be a difficult task to accomplish on her own, but she knew that there was a higher power that governed us all. She believed and had unmovable faith in the almighty God. Sojourner knew that without God, she would have never been as fortunate as she has. Sojourner gave a whole new meaning to the phrase, "without no struggle, there is no progress." She has truly demonstrated the validity of this phrase, because she has struggled to accomplish what she felt God wanted her to do, and for this she will always be honored.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Full Fathom Five :: Full Fathom Five Essays

Full Fathom Five In Sylvia Plath’s poem, "Full Fathom Five" she describe her father in beautiful and abstract terms which signify aspects to the relatioship Plath had with her father. This poem, along with other works from Sylvia Plath, provide a lot of insight into the type of relationship she might have had with her father. The imagery Plath uses to describe her father is reminiscent of fairy tails and monsters, where the idea she gives me about her father is a larger-than-life character which is made of the sea; huge, with white hair, and beard. She describes her father's hair as a huge net, which gives him a larger than life size, common to the perception a young girl would have of her father. Another word that comes to my mind when thinking about her father is that he was an extremeley fathomable figure in Plath's life, something very possible due to the fact that her father died when she was barely eight years old. This is consistent with the title of the poem 'Full Fathom Five'. Plath's view of her father as this large fable-like, mythical characater. In the poem she describes him as one who 'surfaces seldom'. This line refers to her not knowing her father for a long time, and at the time she did know him (from birth to age eight) she was quite small and vulnerable compared to the formidable presence of ones father. Another clue to Plath's reverence towards her father is the reference she makes to him being 'inscrutable'. A young child is very likely to see their father as difficult to approach, or ask questions. An ideal father is one who is loving and approachable, but Plath's description of her own father conveys neither feature. Undoubtedly a troubled childhood which can be infered from this poem is consistent with the subsequent events of Sylvia Plath's life. Plath went through years of depression, eventually commiting suicide in 1964. I suspect that Plath had a great deal of anger surrounding her fathers death, perhaps for leaving her so early. Yet at the same time, she expresses an anger for the life her father led while he was living, implicating some sence of insest in their relationship. Plath wrote another poem about her father entitled 'Daddy' in which among other things, Plath calls her father a bastard. Full Fathom Five :: Full Fathom Five Essays Full Fathom Five In Sylvia Plath’s poem, "Full Fathom Five" she describe her father in beautiful and abstract terms which signify aspects to the relatioship Plath had with her father. This poem, along with other works from Sylvia Plath, provide a lot of insight into the type of relationship she might have had with her father. The imagery Plath uses to describe her father is reminiscent of fairy tails and monsters, where the idea she gives me about her father is a larger-than-life character which is made of the sea; huge, with white hair, and beard. She describes her father's hair as a huge net, which gives him a larger than life size, common to the perception a young girl would have of her father. Another word that comes to my mind when thinking about her father is that he was an extremeley fathomable figure in Plath's life, something very possible due to the fact that her father died when she was barely eight years old. This is consistent with the title of the poem 'Full Fathom Five'. Plath's view of her father as this large fable-like, mythical characater. In the poem she describes him as one who 'surfaces seldom'. This line refers to her not knowing her father for a long time, and at the time she did know him (from birth to age eight) she was quite small and vulnerable compared to the formidable presence of ones father. Another clue to Plath's reverence towards her father is the reference she makes to him being 'inscrutable'. A young child is very likely to see their father as difficult to approach, or ask questions. An ideal father is one who is loving and approachable, but Plath's description of her own father conveys neither feature. Undoubtedly a troubled childhood which can be infered from this poem is consistent with the subsequent events of Sylvia Plath's life. Plath went through years of depression, eventually commiting suicide in 1964. I suspect that Plath had a great deal of anger surrounding her fathers death, perhaps for leaving her so early. Yet at the same time, she expresses an anger for the life her father led while he was living, implicating some sence of insest in their relationship. Plath wrote another poem about her father entitled 'Daddy' in which among other things, Plath calls her father a bastard.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Community Service :: essays research papers

When people hear how many hours of community service I have done, they ask, "Do you get paid?" When I say no, they wonder why I do it. I tell them it's because I like to help people. Many think that community service is just something you are forced to do for school. To me, community service is a way of giving back. I like making people feel as though they matter, and it gives me a warm feeling at the end of the day because I feel I have made a difference. I grow as a person each time I do community service. Some people do community service because they have to, but I do it because I want to. I have volunteered over 300 hours of community service at a local elementary. I helped children complete their homework assignments and spend quality time with them while their parents work late. I read to the children and played with them when their parents do not have the time. For the past three years, I have assisted the adult volunteers at the After School Care program at Parkview Elementary. My main supervisor was Mrs. King. This program is one in which, parents can leave their children supervised by adults while they work late. I was assigned a group of 10 children, between the ages of 5-11. I volunteered two hours every weekday, tutoring and mentoring my group. The first week was a little awkward. I did not know any of the kids or what to talk to them about. Mrs. King asked me to help them tie their shoes. So, one by one, they came into the hallway and I helped them with their shoes. This gave me the opportunity to talk to them just one-on-one and see what they were like. It was great! They were very friendly and talkative. Since I began in November 2000, I have been going every weekday until my mission was accomplished in December 2001. I have worked with them on completing their homework, reading books, and many different things. It has been a great experience for me. Every time I see my students, they always say hi and I receive many hugs. They make me feel extremely important just being with them. I am a significant role model and a great influence for these growing children. I love helping out students and teachers. I wish everyone had the chance to do a project like this and see how much fun it is. Community Service :: essays research papers When people hear how many hours of community service I have done, they ask, "Do you get paid?" When I say no, they wonder why I do it. I tell them it's because I like to help people. Many think that community service is just something you are forced to do for school. To me, community service is a way of giving back. I like making people feel as though they matter, and it gives me a warm feeling at the end of the day because I feel I have made a difference. I grow as a person each time I do community service. Some people do community service because they have to, but I do it because I want to. I have volunteered over 300 hours of community service at a local elementary. I helped children complete their homework assignments and spend quality time with them while their parents work late. I read to the children and played with them when their parents do not have the time. For the past three years, I have assisted the adult volunteers at the After School Care program at Parkview Elementary. My main supervisor was Mrs. King. This program is one in which, parents can leave their children supervised by adults while they work late. I was assigned a group of 10 children, between the ages of 5-11. I volunteered two hours every weekday, tutoring and mentoring my group. The first week was a little awkward. I did not know any of the kids or what to talk to them about. Mrs. King asked me to help them tie their shoes. So, one by one, they came into the hallway and I helped them with their shoes. This gave me the opportunity to talk to them just one-on-one and see what they were like. It was great! They were very friendly and talkative. Since I began in November 2000, I have been going every weekday until my mission was accomplished in December 2001. I have worked with them on completing their homework, reading books, and many different things. It has been a great experience for me. Every time I see my students, they always say hi and I receive many hugs. They make me feel extremely important just being with them. I am a significant role model and a great influence for these growing children. I love helping out students and teachers. I wish everyone had the chance to do a project like this and see how much fun it is.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Billy Budd Sailor Essay

Billy Budd, Sailor, a novel by Herman Melville, at first sight, seems like it is nothing else but the story of a sailor who is executed after being wrongly accused of mutiny. But when one examines the story deeply one finds that the story has a different meaning and that Billy Budd resembles Christ in many ways. Billy Budd as a Christ figure According to the author’s description, Billy Budd, the main protagonist, like Christ was handsome, pure and as innocent as a child in a world full of evil men. He had the same physical features of Christ. Like Christ, he had blue eyes and a symmetrical figure. The resemblance is evident in the first chapter when Captain Graveling, after the crew stopped fighting as soon as Billy joined them, says that Billy neither preached nor said anything to the crew. There was a kind of virtuousness in him that reached out to people. (Melville, 1924) The author here alludes to Christ who was also virtuous and healed all those who came into contact with him. The symbolism is more evident in the end chapters, especially in the scenes of the death of Billy Budd. For instance, Captain Vere cries, â€Å"Struck dead by an angel of God! † (Melville, 1924) after Billy strikes Claggart, and then says, â€Å"Yet the angel must hang†, (Melville, 1924) when he realizes that Billy has to die. Billy, before he dies, says, â€Å"God bless Captain Vere†. (Melville, 1924) All this reminds us of Christ. Christ like Billy in the novel forgave all those who were responsible for his death. The resemblance is all the more evident in the last chapter when Billy is executed. Here the author describes how Billy’s shipmates worship the gallows from which Billy was hung. Christ’s followers too worshipped the Cross. The setting and all the events that take place have a striking resemblance to the events that took place when Christ was executed. In conclusion it can be said that Billy Budd in the novel is not an ordinary sailor but a Christ-like figure, a symbol of Christ with characteristics of Christ. Just as Christ was a victim of an antagonistic society and had to sacrifice his life, Billy Budd too was an innocent victim of society and had to sacrifice his life. References Melville, Herman (1924), Billy Budd, Sailor, The University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Himalayan Tourism in Nepal

Mountaineering It was mountaineering that first opened up Nepal to the outside world. Of the world’s 14 highest peaks above 8,000 m, eight of them crown Nepal’s north, including the highest Mt. Everest. Not surprisingly, the fascination of scaling these physically demanding peaks draws crowds of visitors from abroad year after year without let up. The mountains are open for climbing in all the four climbing seasons: †¢spring (March-May), †¢summer (June-August), †¢autumn (September-November) and †¢winter (December-February).The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation issues permits for the bigger mountains while the Nepal Mountaineering Association issues permits for the smaller trekking peaks between 5,587 m and 6,654 m. Mountaineering Trekking Rock Climbing Rafting / Kayaking / Canoeing Jungle safari Hunting Bird Watching Paragliding / Ultralight / Cable Car Mountain Flights Mountain Biking Bungee Jumping / Canyoning Boating / Fishing / Angl ing Horse Riding / Pony Trek Golf Pilgrimage City Tours Nightlife / Clubbing Dining ShoppingEvents / Festivals MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) Special Interest Adventure Sports & New Products http://welcomenepal. com/promotional/tourist-activities/mountaineering/ ————————————————- Tourism History in Nepal Nepal is tourist's heaven for adventure, cultural and environmental enrichment. Variation in natural landscape of Nepal consists of valleys and plains known as Terai in the south, and the breathtaking Himalayan peaks in the north add great flavor for tourist.Though exact date and history of tourist incoming to Nepal is still unknown, it can be assumed that first tourist started coming to Nepal only after first road system was built in 1950 that connect some of the Nepal's cities with Indian boarder in the south. Since then international tourists flow to explore Nepal’s rich cultures, picturesque Himalayan landscape. George Mallory and Andrew â€Å"Sandy† Irvine who had disappeared in 1924 in an attempt to conquer Everest. However it was on In 1953 Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa first conquered Mt.Everest (8848 m). Till now several people has attempted and successfully conquered the world's highest mountain. Annapurna I was the first 8,000-metre (26,200 ft) peak to be climbed. Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, of a French expedition led by Maurice Herzog (including Lionel Terray, Gaston Rebuffat, Marcel Ichac, Jean Couzy, Marcel Schatz, Jacques Oudot, Francis de Noyelle), reached the summit on 3 June 1950. Its summit was the highest summit attained on Earth for three years, until the first successful ascent of Mount Everest. However, higher non-summit points at least 8,500 meters (27,900 ft)-had already been attained on Everest in the 1920s. ) In the mid 1950 small groups of wealthy individuals, sponsored st udents travel east from England by Land Rover or Bedford Dormobile to climb mountains or carry out scientific studies and surveys, often publishing accounts of their travels afterwards. They travel overland and their trails follow Western Europe crossing Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Kasmir, Manali and Kathmandu till Goa, India. They travel through buses and stay in cheap hotels along their trails and love to socialize with local people and food.They passes journey of over 6,000 miles in each direction, and it took in high mountain passes, scorching deserts, and some very rough roads. During 70's Nepal became safe tourism destination for those groups due to its perfect climate, peaceful place and unique cultures. Many reasons had attracted these groups for traveling like spiritual enlightenment escape from wars in the west and rigid lifestyles, some for business or still some just wanted to explore and see the world. They were simply great adventure lovers and were known as Hippies of 70's. These group of people were known as Hippies or freak.In some way or the other they have great contribution of introducing Nepal as one of the best travel destination. Eventually, people in Nepal started opening hotels, resort, western restaurants with modern facilities to attract the tourist. Modern tourist activities in Nepal included Trekking, Rafting, Peak climbing, Wildlife safari and many more adventure sports like Bungy jumping, paragliding ,mountain climbing, mountain flight etc. Nepal has always attracted and become best tourist destination in the world mainly due to their excellent hospitality, friendly people, unique cultures and awe-inspiring Himalayas and mountains.Nepal Tour packages Nepal Historical Culture Tour – 05 Days 4 nights/ 5days customized tour itinerary for Nepal historical and cultural tour Best Nepal Tour – 10 Days Nepal best tour package for 9 nights/10 days which is customized by Nepal Mountain Tour – 15 Days Nepal mountain tour most of destination is mid hill region for 15 days Nepal Experience Tour – 14 Days 13 nights/14 days Nepal experience tour takes you to experience real Nepal Nepal Pilgrimage Tour – 12 Days 11 nights/12days Customized Tour Package Best Nepal Combo Tour – 10 DaysSightseeing-Hiking-Rafting-Safari, 10 days Customized Tour Package Nepal family holiday – 11 Days Nepal family holiday for 11 days is suitable for any age group of family Buddhist pilgrimage tour – 8 days – 08 Days Buddhist pilgrimage tour in Nepal is popular for among the travelers those†¦ Lumbini tour – 11 Days Lumbini tour is targeted for those travelers who want real peace and spiritual enlightenment. Complete Buddhist Circuit Tour – 12 Days 12 days Complete Buddhist circuit tour, Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath ; Kushinagar Annapurna Region Trekking Annapurna base camp trekking – 11 DaysAnnapurna Base Camp trek offers magnificent views, easy walks†¦. An napurna circuit trekking – 15 Days Annapurna circuit trekking covers approximately 200 km trekking trail†¦ Annapurna Sanctuary Trek – 09 Days Annapurna Sanctuary Trek offers magnificent views and easy walks †¦ Classic Annapurna Base Camp Trek – 09 Days Classic Annapurna base camp trekking journey to Annapurna offers†¦ Classic Annapurna Circuit Trek – 12 Days Classic Annapurna Circuit trek is approximately 200 km trek†¦.. Classic Tilicho Lake Trek – 19 Days Classic Tilicho Lake Trek joint together along the same†¦..Ghorepani Poon Hill trekking – 10 Days Ghorepani Poon Hill trekking trail is one of the most visited areas†¦ Muktinath Jomsom Trek – 14 Days Muktinath Jomson Trek made more popular due to easy accessibility Jomsom Muktinath Overland Tour – 12 Days Jomsom Muktinath Overland Tour to this region made more popular†¦ Tilicho Lake Trek – 19 Days Tilicho Lake Trek combined with Class ic Annapurna Circuit trail†¦. Trishuli Rafting Annapurna Trek ; Jungle Safari – 14 Days Trishuli Rafting Annapurna Trek ; Jungle Safari here we have†¦ Ghorepani Ghandruk trekking – 12 DaysGhorepani Ghandruk trek route is one of the most visited areas of Annapurna trail†¦ http://www. himalayanmentor. com/tourism-history-in-nepal. html ————————————————- Nepal General Information Nepal is an outstanding multi adventure destination on the planet with its unique geographical kaleidoscope variations. The country is home of world’s highest mountain including Mt Everest and other thousand of mountains higher than 6000m. It is also birth place of Lord Buddha and Gurkhas’ homeland country where travelers can experience and enjoy their exotic holiday undoubtedly difference.Country’s amazing geographical orientations are the main natur al rewards so the adventure seekers get more opportunities than their quest of challenge. Besides, Nepal is a fascinating land of ancient history, vibrant culture of tolerant people and home of living Goddess. Since 1950's when its' borders were first opened to the outside world, the abode of the Himalayas, Nepal, offers probably the best trekking holiday, extreme mountain climbing, adrenaline river run, wonderful wildlife safari activities, historical-cultural sightseeing tours and many other adventure holiday options.Visiting remotes of countryside exploring there traditional people’s life style and encountering their culture make you to feel precious insight into fast disappearing world and embark on truly life-enhancing journey of discovery. Fact Figures of Nepal Location: South Asian Region, China’s Tibet Autonomous Region in the north, and India in the South, East and West and geographically Nepal is located between 800 4†²- 800 12†² east longitude and 260 22†²- 300 4†² north latitude.Total Area: 147, 181 Square Kilometer (about 200 Km width north to south ; 885 km east to west) Area Covered on Earth: 0. 01% of Earth ; 0. 1% of Asia Geography: 64% Mid-Hill Mountain (Mahabharat Range), 6% Churia Hill( Siwalik Range), 13% Plain Land of Terai, 17% Himalayan Alpine Region approximately Time Difference: + 5:45 of GMT National Language: Nepali National Greeting: Namaste (means I salute the divine in you) Sea Port: None, Landlocked by India south, east and west and by China’s Tibet Autonomous Region in the north Population: 29. million, according to year of 2009 estimation Religion: Multi Religious Country (about 80% Hindu, 10% Buddhist, 4% Muslim ; 6% others religious) People: More than 60 ethnic groups and about 70 different spoken languages Culture: Multi Culture Country Source of Economy: Traditional Agriculture, Tourism ; Cottage Industry Main Highlights: Mt Everest 8848m ; Birth Place of Lord Buddha (Lumbini) Polit ical System: The Multi-Party System ; Federal Democratic Republic since 2008 Passport ; Visas:All the travelers should have valid passport for at least six months and visa can be obtain from Nepalese embassy or consulate in your country, however visa is stamp at the time of arrival in Airport. Children bellow 10 years need not pay any visa fee. Travelers willing to get entry visa at the air port or at any entry points in Nepal are required to fill a visa form with passport and photographs while passing through the immigration. Chinese citizen are requested to apply in the Nepalese embassy or other Nepalese diplomatic missions as there is no provisions of on arrival visa for them.Transit visa Transit visa can be obtained from the Airport Immigration Office for a period of 48 hours on presentation of confirmed air ticket. Visa Fee * Gratis visa for 30 days available only for tourists of SAARC countries * Multiple entry 15 days – US$ 25 or equivalent convertible currency * Multi ple entry 30 days – US$ 40 or equivalent convertible currency * Multiple entry 90 days – US$ 100 or equivalent convertible currency Visa Extension . It can be extended at the Department of Immigration, Maitighar, Kathmandu. Visa extension fee for 15 days or less is US $ 30 or equivalent convertible currency and visa extension fee for more than 15 days is US$ 2 per day * Tourist visa can be extended for a maximum period of 150 days in a single visa year (January – December). Currency ; Exchange Nepal’s official currency is the Nepalese Rupees. Nepalese Rupees are found in denominations of 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1. Coins are found in denominations of Rs. 5, Rs. 2, Rs. 1 and 50 paisa. One rupee equals 100 paisa.All Major Banks, hotels, and the exchange counters in Kathmandu, Pokhara Chitwan and other touristic towns provide services for exchanging foreign currency. However, only 10 percent of the total amount may be converted by the bank. ATM i s widely in use in Kathmandu and other cities. Foreign Currency and Credit Card Credit cards like American Express, Master and Visa are widely accepted at major hotels, shops, travel- trekking agencies and restaurants. Remember to keep your Foreign Exchange Encashment Receipt while making foreign exchange payments or transferring foreign currency into Nepalese rupees.Time and Off Day Nepal Standard Time is 5 hours 45 minutes ahead of GMT and 15 minutes ahead of Indian standard time. Saturday is the official off-day in Nepal and all the Nepal Government offices remain closed. http://www. himalayanmentor. com/nepal-general-information. html http://images. search. conduit. com/ImagePreview/? q=number%20of%20tourist%20arrival%20in%20nepal%20in%20table;ctid=CT3289075;searchsource=10;CUI=UN34246542992609027;UM=1;start=0;pos=4 http://images. search. conduit. com/ImagePreview/? =number%20of%20tourist%20arrival%20in%20nepal%20in%20table;ctid=CT3289075;searchsource=10;CUI=UN34246542992609027; UM=1;start=0;pos=4 http://images. search. conduit. com/ImagePreview/? q=number+of+tourist+arrival+in+diagramin+nepal;ctid=CT3289075;SearchSource=10;FollowOn=true;PageSource=ImagePreview;SSPV=;CUI=UN34246542992609027;UP=;UM=1;start=0;pos=16 About Nepal| | General Information about Nepal Official name: Nepal Adhirajya (Kingdom of Nepal) Area: 147. 181 Square kmPopulation: 23. 5 million Capital: Kathmandu Political System: Multiparty Democracy with Constitutional Monarch Language: Nepali, English Religious Groups: Hindus (89. 5%), Buddhists (5. 3%), Muslims (2. 7%), Jains (0. 1%), Christians and others (0. 023%) Currency: Nepalese Rupee (NR)| | | Right click on image to zoom in| | National Holiday: 07 July (Birthday of the King)Information about Nepal Nepal is the only Hindu kingdom in the world. Nepal is spread across the main heights of the Himalayas and has always been a land of fascination.Nepal is a land of great contrasts with high Himalayan mountains, vast and icy glaciers, tiny houses, ancient history, artistic monuments, exotic wildlife sanctuaries, greenery and diverse cultures. It is the land where Lord Buddha was born over 2,500 years ago. Nepal is rectangular in shape, landlocked and covers an area of 147,181 square km. Nepal is situated between Tibet in the north and India in the South and has thus produced a remarkable mixture of people and culture thus offering a fascinating diversity of ethnic and cultural groups.After Nepal's long period of isolation Kathmandu has become the gateway to Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley is the cultural and political centre of Nepal. The capital of Nepal is Kathmandu. About half a million people lives in Kathmandu. Every aspect of Nepali life can be seen in Kathmandu, which is the center of travel and adventure activities. The Kathmandu Valley is magnificent for its wealth of unique temples. Nepali is the official language of Nepal and is spoken by most of the people. Till 1951, Nepal was a closed book for foreign visit ors. Till 1964, it was reserved only for hardy climbers and explorers.In recent years, the country has opened its doors to foreign and Indian tourists and millions of them visit this country every year. The experiences of the travelers who visit the Nepal for the first time are very different. Some of the tourists feels like stepping out of a time machine, some are thrilled by the pleasant atmosphere, while, some of them feel like living in a permanently air-conditioned state. Nepal can be visited throughout the year and in any season. |   | History of Nepal In the earlier days, Nepal was divided into small principalities which were fighting against each other.It was not till the arrival of the Mallas from north India that Nepal was launched into its first flowering of social and artistic creativity. The Mallas also took control of a major part of Nepal and Tibet. But, pattern of small, independent kingdoms continued and Nepal could not be unified. The Mallas had three separate ki ngdoms in the Kathmandu Valley itself, with their capitals at Kathmandu, earlier known as Kantipur, Patan, known as Lalitpur and Bhadgaon, known as Bhaktpur. The Mallas left their stone inscriptions in temples and carved them on the bases | | | of statues.As the Mallas grew weaker due to family feuds, they were replaced by the Shahs. It was during the rule of King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1730-75) that Nepal became more unified. He came from the Gurkha region. He was the first to use these tough fighters to strengthen his rule. The Gurkhas are still valued as great fighters and a large number of them are serving in the Indian and British armies. The King Prithvi Narayan Shah was responsible for the exclusion of European traders from the country. As the Shah dynasty became weak, the Ranas took over Nepal in 1846. The monarch only became a figurehead while the Ranas ruled the country.Nepal lost war to the British in 1857 and accepted their nominal allegiance. As a result, the Gurkhas fou ght several wars for Great Britain. They sided with them during the first War of Indian Independence in 1857. The British were so pleased with their loyalty that they returned some of the territories they had occupied after the defeat of the Nepalese. Subsequently, the Gurkhas fought other battles for Britain, including World War I & II. They fought in all parts of the World. After a popular revolution made by the ninth King Tribhuvan of Shah dynasty in 1950-51, the Ranas were defeated.The King Tribhuvan died in 1955 and was succeeded by his son Mahendra. Nepal became a member of the United Nations in 1955. The King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was the 10th king in the dynasty. The King Birendra abolished party system. In 1990, a popular democratic revolt led to the re-establishment of a multi-party democratic system based on adult franchise. The new democratic Constitution of the kingdom was promulgated on November 9, 1990. The king remains the titular head of the government. In 19 94, Nepal elected communist party to form the government which has since been replaced by coalition government.Geography of Nepal Nepal is bounded in the north by Tibet – the autonomous region of China, in the east by Sikkim and West Bengal, in the south by Bihar and in the west by Uttar Pradesh. The land extends approximately for 885 km from east to west, and 193 km from north to south. The land in Nepal can be broadly divided into three regions which are Himalayan region, Mountain region and Terai region. The altitude of the Himalayan Region ranges between 4877 metres and 8848 metres with the snow-line running around 4877 metres. It includes all the major peaks of the Himalayas.The mountain region covers about 64 percent of the total land area of the country. It is formed by the Mahabharata Range which soar up to 4877 metres. The lowland Terai region lies at an altitude of 305 metres and occupies about 17 per cent of land area. Kachanakawal, the lowest point in the country, has an altitude of only 70 metres. It is located in Jhapa district of eastern Terai. The land rises from the Terai, the southern plains covered with tropical jungles and fertile farm land at almost sea level to the high Himalaya mountains in the north with valleys and lush hills in between within a distance of less than 200 km.The lowlands of the Terai are about one hundred metres above sea level. This, together with monsoon rains along the slopes facing south has resulted in compacting virtually all climate zones on the earth. Except the Terai region in the extreme south, the mid-valleys are seldom higher than 1220 metres above sea-level. Out of the ten peaks, eight highest peaks lies in Nepal. The Himalayas are the youngest and the highest mountain chains in the world. About a third of its 1000 km. long Himalayan range lies within Nepal.It has a convergence of 1310 magnificent pinnacles and peaks over 6000 metres including the world’s eight of the 14 giant peaks over 8000 metres high. Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak and Kanchanjunga, the third highest peak lies in Nepal. The other six peaks in Nepal are Lohtse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manalsu and Annapurna I. Some of these unconquerable mountain peaks provide a vivid contrast with hand-sculpted landscape of farms in mountain valleys. |   | Flora and Fauna in Nepal Nepal is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of bio-diversity due to its unique geographical position and altitudinal variation.The elevation of the country ranges from 60m above sea level to the highest point on earth, Mt. Everest at 8,848 m, all with in a distance of 150 km resulting into climatic conditions from Sub-tropical to Artic. Nepal, occupying only 0. 1% of the earth is home to 2% of all the flowering plants in the world, 8% of the world’s population of birds (more than 848 species), 4% of mammals on earth, 11 of the world’s 15 families of butterflies (more than 500 species), 600 indigenous plant families, 319 species of exotic orchids. Climate in Nepal Nepal is a land of extreme contrasts as far as the climatic conditions are concerned.Nepal has four major seasons, namely, Winters from December to February, Spring from March to May, Summers from June to August, Autumn from September to November. The climate in Nepal ranges from the subtropical | | | monsoon conditions in the Terai region to cool temperate conditions in the higher areas and an alpine climate with snow and extreme day temperature in the mountains. As Nepal is situated in the northern hemisphere, so during the summers, it is the rainy season in Nepal. The monsoon lasts across the whole country from June to September when over 75% of the annual rainfall occurs.The amount of rainfall decreases from south to north and from east to west. The Mahabharat Lekh forces the moist monsoon air stream to rise that causes heavy rains on the hills in the south, especially in the Terai region. The Spring sea son is warmer than the autumn. In the high mountains in winters, the temperature drops below zero, while in the Kathmandu valley, daytime temperature rarely drop below 10 degrees Celsius. Pokhara is lower and warmer and more pleasant than Kathmandu in winter but hotter, more humid and less comfortable in summer.The post-monsoon period from October to November is characterized by settled weather, clear skies, no rain and moderately high temperatures. As winter approaches it gets cooler, especially at night. This is an ideal time to visit Nepal. Nepal can be visited the whole year round. Light weight clothing is recommended for May through October. Warm garments are required in October – March. An umbrella or a raincoat is a must for the rainy season. |   |  °C| Jan| Feb| Mar| Apr| May| June| July| Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Day| 22| 24| 26| 29| 28| 28| 31| 30| 31| 28| 26| 23| Night| -5| -1| -2| 6| 7| 8| 10| 18| 19| 14| 5| -3| Rainfall| 1| 5| 2| 6| 10| 15| 21| 20| 12| 4| 1| 0| | | Economy of Nepal Nepal is primarily an agricultural country. About 90% of the population is engaged in agriculture, and there are very little industries. The Terai region occupies 23% of the land area and contains 42% of the population, is the most productive region. It accounts for over 80% of Nepal’s rice, and 65% of its wheat. Cash crops like sugar cane, jute, tobacco and tea also important. The Hill region occupies 43% of the area and contains 50% of the population.The fertile Kathmandu Valley contains 10% of the hill population and is the center of government. The mountain region occupies 34% of area, but only 8% of its people. This region is inhabited by the pastoral nomads. Most hill and mountain farm households own livestock whose main contribution to human existence is through their provision of manure and draught labour. A small surplus of grain and industrial products are exported to India. Carpet, jute, brick, sugar, cigarette, saw mill, rice mill, o il mill, beer and garments are the major industries. Tourism is one of the biggest foreign exchange earners. |   | People of NepalNepal has more than 61 ethnic groups and 70 spoken languages. It is believed that the first inhabitants of Nepal were Mongoloid or Tibetan who migrated to the fertile valleys in the south. They were mainly Buddhists who follow the Tantric rituals of Tibetan Buddhism. In the early centuries of the Christian era, they were joined by Indo-Aryans or Hindus from northern India, who took the charge of the country. They were followed by the Lichhivis who were Buddhists converted by Lord Buddha himself. The people were charming, naturally friendly and virtually untouched by the social, political and commercial changes taking place beyond its borders.Those early travelers were effusive in their praise of this wonderful but economically backward land. Today, the different races and tribes of people | | | live in different regions of Nepal. They follow varied cust oms, traditions, wear different costumes and speak different languages. The Rais, Limbus, Magars and Gurungs mainly lives in the eastern mountains and on the southern slopes of Annapurna Himachulti and Ganesh Hamal. They are popularly known as the Gurkha soldiers. The Sherpas popularly known as â€Å"tigers of snow† live to a height of 4000 metres and are the tough mountain climbers.The Sherpas have easy access to Bhot (Tibet) for trade and social intercourse and therefore Tibetan influence on their culture and civilization remains distinct. The Newars and Tamangs mostly inhabit the Kathmandu valley. The Tharu and Dhimals live in the Terai region. Brahmins, Chhetris and Thakuris are spread over the hills and valleys. The midlands are inhabited by various Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan speaking hill and valley people. The people of Nepal mostly wear the handmade natural fiber cloth men and women in cotton, hemp, and wool. More†¦ Religion in Nepal About ninety per cent of th e people are Hindus, 5. per cent are Buddhists, 3% are Muslims and the rest of the people comprises of other religion. Hinduism and Buddhism are the two major religions in Nepal. There is a complex blend of Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. Although a Hindu kingdom, all deities are worshipped by Hindus and Buddhists alike. A remarkable feature of the land is the mutual bond of friendship between the people of the two religions. Buddhists are mainly found along the northern border area and in the eastern part of the country. Hindus are found in the south and west and Muslims are mainly concentrated along the border with India.Festivals of Nepal The rich cultural heritage of Nepal is manifested by the diverse social customs and festivals. Some of the festivals which are celebrated in Nepal are Nepalese New Year, Linga Jatra or Bisket, Buddha Jayanti, the Red Machhendranath Rath Jatra, White Machhendranath Rath Jatra, Dhumji, Losar Festival, Gai Jatra, Desain, Durga Puja, Indra Jatra, Di wali and Shivaratri. More†¦ Languages of Nepal Most of the people speak the Nepali language. The Nepali is written in Devanagri script and is the official language of Nepal.Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang and Nepalbhasa are the various languages which are spoken by more than half a million people. English and Hindi are widely understood in the urban centers. Tourist Attractions in Nepal Nepal offers an incomparable scope to connoisseurs of art and culture to see and study the different aspects of fine arts in its painting, sculpture, woodcarving and architecture. The three main historic cities of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur with numerous historical monuments, old places and palace squares, shrines and temples, ageless traditions and legends make it a veritable living museum.The city of Nepal comprises of three royal cities of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur. The tourist attractions in Nepal are Kathmandu, Nagarkot, Dhulikhel, Daman, Pokhra, Royal Chitwan National Pa rk, Lumbini, Patan and Bhaktapur. The famous tourist attractions in Kathmandu are the Durbar Square, Swayambhunath Stupa, Bodhnath Stupa, Pashupatinath Temple, Temple of Living goddess Kumari and Changu Narayan temple. |   | Wildlife in Nepal The main vegetation found in the Terai region are deciduous forests. The sal and teak are the main trees that are found in the Terai region.The grasslands are found in the far west and smaller areas in the mid west. The wide variety of wildlife is also found in the national parks in the Terai region. There are few wild animals in the central zone because of the lack of forest and other natural vegetation. Nepal is also home of a wide range of bird life like Impeyan pheasant, mahseer, snowcock, snow partidge, choughs, buntings and redstart. The country has managed to preserve more endangered species of flora and fauna than any other area in Asia. Nepal has nine National Parks and three | | Wildlife Reserves, which include areas in the highest mountains in the world as well sub-tropical lowland of the plains. Some of the famous national parks are Bardia National Park, Chitwan National Park, Sukla Phanta National Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Everest National Park, Langtang National Park, Shey – Phoksundo National Park, Rara National Park, Khaptad National Park, Makalu – Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Annapurna, Manaslu Conservation Area, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve. More†¦Entry Regulations in Nepal All the tourists, except the Indian nationals must have a valid passport and visa, before entering Nepal. But, now Indians traveling to Nepal by air have to show upon arrival at entry point either a passport, Voter’s Identity card issued by the Election Commission of India, or an identity card with photograph issued by the Nepal – based Indian diplomatic mission for identification of Indian nationals will also be considered in case of exceptions. C hildren under 10 years need not show any identification.Foreigner who intends to visit Nepal must hold valid passport or any travel document equivalent to passport issued by the Govt. for visiting a foreign country prior to apply for visa. No foreigner is entitled to enter into and stay in the Kingdom of Nepal without valid visa. The tourist visa can be obtained from any Royal Nepalese Embassy or Consulate valid for a period of 30 days. Visas can also be obtained for 15 days on arrival at the Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu or at the other places.Chinese citizen are requested to apply in Royal Nepalese Embassy or other Nepalese diplomatic missions as there is no provision of on arrival visa for them. On arrival at the airport, you must produce the disembarkation card and fill up the embarkation card when you depart. All the tourists are also required to pay an airport tax. Currency in Nepal The main currency of Nepal is the Nepali rupees (NR). The facilities for convert ing foreign currency into the Nepali Rupees are available at the international airport, banks and hotels. The hotel bill can also be settled in the foreign currency.Tourists are also advised to obtain the encashment receipt in the exchange of foreign currency. It will help them to reconvert the leftover Nepali Rupees into dollars. The Indian Nationals can also bring the Indian rupees which can be easily accepted in the shops and hotels. Foreign currencies must be exchanged only through the banks or authorized foreign exchange dealers. The receipts from such transaction are to be obtained and retained. Customs Formalities All baggage must be declared and cleared through the customs on arrival at the entry.Personal effects are permitted free entry. A tourist may bring in dutiable goods, such as tobacco and liquors, within the prescribed quantity free of duty. Carrying narcotics, arms and ammunitions are strictly prohibited. Visitors can export souvenirs to their respective countries. The export of antiques requires special certificated from the Department of Archaeology, Kathmandu. Time in Nepal The time in Nepal is 5 hours 45 minutes ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time and 15 minutes ahead of Indian Standard Time. |   | Cuisine of Nepal The cuisine of Nepal is similar to Indian cuisine.Some of the dishes are prepared in similar way like the Indian dishes. The Nepalese cuisine is quite simple. The cuisine varies according to ethnic groups and castes, depending on ingredients available and affordable. Indian, Chinese and Tibetan flavors and aromas can easily be detected in Nepalese meals although Nepal's cuisine maintains its own flavour. Nepal's climate has made it possible for the country to grow crops such as rice, lentils, wheat, corn and potatoes. In Nepal, rice is the most common food and in most of the hotels almost all the 3 meals comprise of rice.The menu comprises of varieties of | | | Indian, Chinese, Mexican, Italian and German dishes. The Nepali food is generally very spicy and hot. It is eaten without starters, soups or courses. Whilst Nepalese cuisine is somewhat basic, it certainly does not lack in flavor, make extensive use of spices and flavorings such as ginger, garlic, coriander, pepper, cumin, chilies, cilantro, mustard oil, ghee and occasionally yak butter. A typical Nepali meal consists of rice, at least one lentil curry called Dal, Bhat (rice), Sag (green vegetables), Tarkari (curried vegetables), chutneys, pickles and desserts.Juju Dau, Dahi or curd and Sikarni are various desserts. Most of the people in Nepal are vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are not a part of the daily menu. Beef is typically not eaten in Nepal for religious reasons. Local liquor, tongba and thon (rice beer) are popular drinks of Nepal. Shopping in Nepal Kathmandu is a shopper's paradise. While roaming in the markets, one could see that Nepal is highly influenced by the Hinduism ; Buddhism. All the masks, figures and various items are based on Hinduism and Buddhism.The most popular shopping items in Kathmandu are the Tibetan carpets, Jewellery, pottery, art and craft items, leather jackets, hand made belts, statues of Lord Buddha, wooden toys, decorated metal knives and varieties of hand-made garments like shawls, sweaters, trousers and caps. The customers can get a better bargain as the first price quoted is always higher than the price that will eventually be accepted for commodities. Accommodation in Nepal Nepal has every category of accommodation facilities. These range from the international standard star hotels to budget hotels and lodges.In order to have an assured quality service, it is advisable to use the facilities and services of government registered hotels, lodges, travel agencies, the licensed tour guides only and engage an authorized trekking guide or porter only through a registered travel or trekking agency. How to reach Nepal Nepal is adequately served by major international airlines besides its own national carrier – Royal Nepal Airlines. Some of the airlines which operates flight to Kathmandu are China, Lufthansa German Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Indian Airlines, Qatar Airways, Thai International and Singapore.It also operates flight to Europe, USA, India, China and Japan. The tourists can also enter into Nepal from India through the Terai region by a picturesque highway built by India. It is also not difficult to reach any part of Nepal through any means of transport, but there is no railway network within Nepal. All visitors entering Nepal by land must use no other entry points other than Kakarbhitta, Birgunj, Belhiya, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi, Mahendra Nagar in the Nepal-India border and Kodari in the Nepal-China border. The overland tourists entering the Kingdom with