Monday, September 30, 2019

Medias Effect on Violent Behavior in Society

Children's use of media is socialized mostly in the family (cf. Bryant, 1990). Television is an essential part of family life. Viewing occurs mainly with other family members, especially for young children. For instance, in one longitudinal study, more than 70% of the time that 3- to 7-year-old children spent watching general audience programming occurred with a parent (St. Peters, Fitch, Huston, Wright, ; Eakins, 1991). Moreover, television habits are formed early. The amount of television viewed is somewhat stable from age 3 onward, probably because it depends on family patterns that do not change readily (Huston, Wright, Rice, Kerkman, ; St. Peters, 1990). The process of learning is composite and multifaceted. The child should negotiate a series of vital tasks as he or she grows. The child must protect a sense of attachment to mother, father, and family (Bowlby, 1988). Then the child must move through the phases of separation and individuation (Mahler, Pine, ; Bergman, 1975). Here, the baby begins to move toward being a person (i.e., toward developing an internalized world of thought, emotion, and judgment that will facilitate the baby to be autonomous and self-regulating). From there, the child must start to deal with his or her issues of sexual identity, competition, power, and insertion in the group, elements that Freud (1933/ 1964) termed the Oedipal phase. The relationship between unconscious fantasy and the growth of the personality can be understood from the following: The growth of the personality occurs with the maturation of the perceptual apparatus, of memory as well as from the hoarded experience and learning from reality. This process of learning from reality is connected with the development and changes in unconscious fantasy. There is a constant struggle with the child's invincible fantasies and the encounter of realities, good and bad. (Segal, 1991, p. 26) It is also been asserted by experts that media is somewhat unethical for children. Television with its extreme reaching influence spreads transversely the globe. Its most significant part is that of reporting the news and sustaining communication linking people around the world. Television's most prominent, yet most stern feature is its shows for entertainment. Violence in entertainment is a main issue in the growth of violence in society, Violence is the exploit of one's powers to mete out mental or physical injury upon another, and exemplars of this would be rape or murder. Violence in entertainment attains the public through television, movies, plays, and novels. On July 26, 2000, officers of the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry issued a â€Å"Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children,† which was subsequently endorsed by both houses of the United States Congress. At this time, well over 1,000 studies—including reports from the Surgeon General's office, the National Institute of Mental Health, and numerous studies conducted by leading figures within our medical and public health organizations—our own members—point â€Å"Overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children. The conclusion of the public health community, based on over thirty years of research, is that viewing entertainment violence can lead to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behavior, particularly in children†¦.† (Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children, Congressional Public Health Summit, July 26, 2000). â€Å"The effect of entertainment violence on children is complex and variable. Some children will be affected more than others. But while duration, intensity, and extent of the impact may vary, there are several measurable negative effects of children's exposure to violent entertainment†¦. We in no way mean to imply that entertainment violence is the sole, or even necessarily the most important factor contributing to youth aggression, anti-social attitudes, and violence†¦. Nor are we advocating restrictions on creative activity. The purpose of this document is descriptive, not prescriptive: we seek to lay out a clear picture of the pathological effects of entertainment violence. But we do hope that by articulating and releasing the consensus of the public health community, we may encourage greater public and parental awareness of the harms of violent entertainment, and encourage a more honest dialogue about what can be done to enhance the health and well-being of America's children† (Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children, Congressional Public Health Summit, July 26, 2000). New interactive digital media have become an integral part of children's lives. Nearly half (48%) of children six and under have used a computer (31% of 0-3 year-olds and 70% of 4-6 year-olds). Just under a third (30%) has played video games (14% of 0-3 year-olds and 50% of 4-6 year-olds). Even the youngest children — those under two — are widely exposed to electronic media. Forty-three percent of those under two watches TV every day and 26% have a TV in their bedroom (the American Academy of Pediatrics â€Å"urge parents to avoid television for children under 2 years old†). In any given day, two-thirds (68%) of children under two will use a screen media, for an average of just over two hours (2:05). (PR Newswire; 10/28/2003) Moreover, children at elementary level constantly struggle between fantasy and reality can be seen in the child's deep ambivalence concerning accepting the difference between â€Å"what's real† and â€Å"what's made up.† The child frequently attempts to obliterate differences, particularly those existing between the sexes and the generations. The child wants to be everything; he or she wants to be his or her own cause, he or she wants to be unlimited. The child wants to be a boy and a girl; to be his or her own father and mother; to know everything without learning and so forth. One can readily see that TV (as well as movies and video games) can be experienced as a means to gain the delusion of gratifying those wishes. However, teachers and parents distinguish that fantasy and daydreams persist to play an active, at times predominant, aspect of the child's development all through his or her formative years. In many cases, it is not until early adolescence that we see children able to assimilate their fantasies with rational thought in a way that make certain that external reality takes an increasing hold over perception, reasoning, and behavior. Although many more years are required before the child matures into a person who adeptly and constantly discriminates the internal from the external in a usually integrated fashion. It is this slow and accruing process of thought and fantasy being integrated with the resultant increase in the growth of the personality that seems to undergo the most inhibition when the consumption of media images becomes extreme or defensive. Children's animated cartoons show how outer, media-based images â€Å"mimic† the form of unconscious fantasy. The cartoon is a psychologically charged, exciting portrayal of fantastic (animated) characters. Its form is simple: An underdog (disguised child) comes into conflict with others (the top dog = parents or older children). There is danger, threat of destruction or death that is conquering in a magical and effortless fashion where pleasure and laughter are the outcome. The Coyote wants to eat the Roadrunner; Elmer Fudd wants to shoot Daffy Duck. Throughout complex and irrational activities, the â€Å"victim† triumphs over the â€Å"villain.† Furthermore, there are no real consequences attendant to the use of immense aggression and force. Magically, all characters reappear in the next cartoon and the cycle of conflict and decree, pleasing the child's wish to overcome limitation and smallness, is repeated once more. Further, teacher in classroom can develop the child's ability to be creative, to construct a â€Å"transitional space† (Winnicott, 1978) within which to form new blends of inner and outer, is inhibited to the degree that the child's mind is saturated with media-based images, characters, stories, and inspiration. The child must transform the â€Å"raw material† of both his or her inner and outer world in a pleasing synthesis in order to feel truly knowledgeable and in charge of his or her existence. The passivity by-product of TV viewing leads to a restraint of autonomous inspiration and produces what teachers are seeing more and more: anxious, irritable, angry, and demanding children who are unable to â€Å"play† and who demand to be â€Å"entertained† in a mode that approximates their experience of TV viewing. The use of drugs and alcohol utilize the same mechanisms as TV to achieve their psychological effects. As the substance user's body and mind are chemically altered, deep unconscious fantasies of security, charisma, power, or limitlessness are activated. Hence, Winn (1985) was accurate in describing TV as the â€Å"plug-in drug† as the â€Å"use† of TV to fend off depression, anxiety, and conflict is identical in its function to that of drugs and alcohol. The faction of â€Å"instant gratification† can be seen to plea to the universal wish to be the satisfied infant sucking at the breast: a mere cry, the feed and the bliss of satisfied sleep. The reality is unfortunately much more difficult, for what we see are increasing numbers of frustrated, angry, and uncooperative children, experiencing their wishes as demands, and their hopes as entitlements. However, learning is fundamentally based on more about how to communicate effectively with children on the subject of coping with the intimidating aspects of their environment. It is significant to recognize that some level of fear is suitable and indeed may be important to survival in certain situations. On the other hand, overburdening children with fears of horrendous disasters that are either unavoidable or highly unlikely to threaten them personally may add undue stress to the procedure of growing up. Because television is one of children's main sources of information about the world, we need to be capable to make reasoned decisions about what to expose our children to and when. We also require being able to explain crucial features of life to them in an age-appropriate way that preserves their youthful optimism while encouraging necessary and suitable precautions. Annotated Bibliography Bowlby J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Rutledge. This book offers the recent study in attachment theory. Bryant J. (Ed.). (1990). Television and the American family. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. This book presents a current provides an updated analysis of the interaction between families and television Freud S. (1964). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (standard edition, 22). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1933) The book contains summarizing presentation of some of Freud's later theory, most questioning constructs and a peculiar treatment of female sexuality as well as super-ego formation. Huston A. C., Wright J. C., Rice M. L., Rerkman D., ; St. M. Peters ( 1990). â€Å"The development of television viewing patterns in early childhood: A longitudinal investigation†. Developmental Psychology, 26, 409-420. This book comprises current analysis of educational communications and technology. Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children, Congressional Public Health Summit, July 26, 2000. Also Available At: http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/jstmtevc.htm This article summarizes a clear relationship between violence in the media and violent behavior in children. Mahler M., Pine F., ; Bergman A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books. The work is the revolutionary contribution to infant psychology. New Study Finds Children Age Zero to Six Spend as Much Time With TV, Computers and Video Games as Playing Outside; One in Four Children Under Two Have a TV in Their Bedroom. WASHINGTON, PR Newswire; 10/28/2003. This report presents the findings of a study which took place from September 2004 to July 2005. The article investigated children's use of popular culture, media as well as new technologies in the home in England. Segal H. (1991). Dream, phantasy and art. London: Tavistock/Routledge. This book is about Segal’s ideas on symbolism, aesthetics, dreams, as well as the examination of psychotic thinking also she brings them vibrantly alive in an innovative integration which links them afresh to the work of Freud, Klein, and Bion. St. M. Peters, Fitch M., Huston A. C., & Wright J. C., & Eakins D. (1991). â€Å"Television and families: What do young children watch with their parents?† Child Development, 62, 1409-1423. This word analyzed a number of questions regarding the amount of viewing as well as types of programs children and parents watch alone and together. Winn M. (1985). The plug-in drug: Television, children and the family. New York: Penguin Books. This book is on the subject of the effects of television on children and families.   

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Jane Austen: Emma

â€Å"I am going to take a heroine whom no one but myself will much like† How does this comment by Jane Austen fit with your reading of her presentation of Emma? Today, we can interpret this remark as the recognition of a problem that was to be successfully overcome, instead of looking at it as an accurate prediction. Readers like the author's niece, Fanny Knight, who could â€Å"not bear Emma herself† have been in the minority. Most readers, myself included, have liked Emma Woodhouse and the novel that bears her name. It is an intricate, complex and perfectly achieved work that takes an apparently trivial matter – â€Å"3 or 4 Families in a Country Village†, in Austen's famous phrase – and makes it captivating, involved and rich with meaning. During this essay I intend to outline what Jane Austen means by â€Å"heroine†, and explain how Emma fits this title. I shall explore why Austen feels her character will not be liked, and yet what defies these intentions and regardless encourages the generally felt affection towards Emma. Jane Austen nurtures many issues during her novel, I need to examine them, and decide on their relevance to the characters position. Jane Austen's use of ‘heroine' in her comment outlines who the chief character of the story is, in this book we immediately discover its Emma Woodhouse. The book is justly named Emma, as the whole thing is Emma. There is only one short scene where Emma herself is not on stage; and that one scene is Knightley's conversation about her with Mrs Weston, proving she has a very dominant role. As readers we would usually expect the heroine of the story to be the most courageous, clever or perhaps even the most blasphemous. They usually have an attribute that sets them apart from everyone else. In this book though, Emma is mainly a figure of fun. We see the gradual humiliation of self-conceit through a long succession of disasters – serious in effect, but written comically throughout. The disasters occur through Emma's absurdities, her snobberies, her intrinsic honesty and her misdirected mischievous conduct. The reader feels affection for the character not because of her charms , but in defiance of her defects as she develops this rogue image. Her features allow her to take rank not with the ‘sympathetic' heroines, but as the culminating figure of English high comedy. The word ‘heroine' can also be used to describe someone much admired for their bravery. In my view, this ironically can also be applied to interpret Jane Austen's comment, and even Emma herself. Perhaps she doesn't demonstrate bravery of a courageous format, but she does show brave recognition of her faults, which could be employed to give her the title of a ‘heroine' in her own way. Jane Austen creates a wonderfully flawed heroine. Had Emma been perfect, her situation would have been of no interest to anyone; her flaws are what interest both reader and critic. The basic movement of Emma is from delusion to self-recognition, from illusion to reality. In the beginning she is loveable enough, but has much to learn. It takes supreme courage on Austen's behalf to portray a girl, meant to win and keep the reader's fancy, with the characteristics frankly ascribed to Emma Woodhouse. During the time period of both Austen and Emma the world was a male-dominated place, to centre the attention of the story on a woman was a daring move, but Jane Austen wanted to do something different. The narration opens by telling us all about the privileged heroine, â€Å"handsome rich and clever,† personally giving me the image of an insufferable young lady.We are allowed to know that she is pretty; not formally, but casually, from the words of a partial friend; â€Å"Such an eye! – the true hazel eye – and so brilliant! – regular features, open countenance, with a complexion – ah, what a bloom of full health and such a pretty height and size; such a firm and upright figure.† But, before we are allowed to see her personal beauty, we are made to see some of the destined troubl ing qualities. In her wish to be useful she is patronizing and a little conceited; her self-sufficiency early appears along with the irony of her willingness to have a hand in the future of others, despite having little knowledge or experience of her own to do it judiciously. Jane Austen's ironic voice throughout the book provides humour and logical thinking. Irony is defined as an absurd contradiction or paradox, a form of humour where someone says the opposite of what is obviously true. The ironic actions of Emma Woodhouse show one of her faults, for example her ‘matchmaking'. â€Å"It was foolish, it was wrong to take so active a part in bringing any two people together. It was adventuring too far, assuming too much, making light of what ought to be serious, a trick of what ought to be simple. She was quite concerned and ashamed, and resolved to do such things no more.† There is a special element of irony in this statement. Even as Austen has Emma relinquish the strategies of matchmaking, Austen condemns her heroine to continue thinking social relationships over and over again, repeating her misreading of sexual relations throughout the book. This is to emphasis the dislike we should be feeling towards Emma. Her complacent manner should evoke a feeling of frustration, instead, in my opinion, we see the funny side, predicting the outcome of Emma's actions, and knowing it's destined to go disastrously wrong. Emma's exclusive attention to marriage plots of her own devising is consistent with her inability to enter into a relation of equality with other women. Her obsession with arranging marriages distorts the relationship with her good friend Harriet Smith, and blinds her from other relational possibilities. The connection with Mrs Weston was never based on equality, she is grateful to her governess/friend for her guidance and education, the relationship is lacking in true parity. The great attraction of Harriet, beyond her blonde beauty and easily swayed temper, was that â€Å"everything† could be done for her. Emma's failure to bond with Jane Fairfax (her exact equal in age, abilities and sense) could also to a certain extent be due to her preoccupation with the marriage plot. Friendship between women is necessarily difficult in this period where the aim is to accomplish a husband. Rivalry for a husband of authority and worthiness is visible. Mrs Elton's marriage puts her into competition with all other women in her society and gives her precedence even over Emma Woodhouse; this makes her liable to judgement: â€Å"She did not really like her. She would not be in a hurry to find fault, but she suspected that there was no elegance; – ease, but not elegance. – She was almost sure that for a young woman, a stranger, a bride, there was too much ease. Her person was rather good; her face not unpretty; but neither feature, nor air, nor voice, nor manner, were elegant. Emma thought at least it would turn out so.† Emma values herself highly enough to make many judgements during the book, another flaw, as usually they are incorrect, and only get Emma into more difficulty. Her judgements are formed on the bases of social status and backhand gossip, instead of individual qualities and personality. It emphasises her pretentiousness and a lack of understanding. The limitation and narrowness of the Highbury world shows the limitation of class society. The class divisions are apparent throughout, and highly relevant to the attitude and treatment one will receive. Different ranks are distinguished by degrees of prestige, and one is judged to be worthy or not from the possessions they own. A real example of Emma's incorrect and unjustified assessment of a person is of Robert Martin. Her cutting remarks show qualities of vanity, ignorance and meanness; â€Å"He is plain, undoubtedly – remarkably plain: – but that is nothing compared with his entire want of gentility. I had no right to expect much; but I had no idea that he could be so very clownish, so totally without air. I had imagined him, I confess, a degree or two nearer gentility† As far as Emma is concerned the class is wrong for her young friend, nothing else needs to come into consideration, he is already not good enough. Her attitude is patronising, and should make us think poorly of her, but instead we tolerate her interfering, and enjoy the product of it. Her abusing of Miss Bates with her cruel remark reveals a different side to the Emma, undoubtedly a nastier side. Yet Emma's rudeness strangely expresses energy and excitement. The unexpected outburst causes the reader to wake up and take note. We don't hate her for her comment; instead we share her guilt, and secretly admire her for this more mischievous person. Emma Woodhouse indisputably casts a real attraction over most of her readers, but how and why? The plot of the book has been described by some as â€Å"uneventful† and â€Å"nothing profound†. One critic stated, â€Å"there is no story whatever, and the heroine is no better than other people; but the characters are all so true to life, and the style so piquant, that it does not require the adventitious aids of mystery and adventure† Despite these comments, to look at Emma's strengths is firstly a way of understanding her desirability. She is a very loving character, exposed through her faithfulness and kindness towards her father, and the attention she gives to the poor. She has a love of children, which becomes clear with the intense adoration shown towards her nieces and nephews, qualities that only strengthen her appeal. Interestingly enough, Emma could also be seen as a role model for women readers. She stubbornly demonstrates a resistant figure to the woman stereotype of the time, unusually showing a more masculine behaviour, or as we may see it, a more modern behaviour. Her squabbles and quick-witted retorts towards Mr Knightly show her intelligence, but also her unconcerned approach towards playing the typical 18th century woman; Mr Knightley: I leave you to your own reactions Emma: Can you trust me with such flatters? Her constant strength and vitality are alluring, and bring energy to the book. Emma's an imaginist â€Å"on fire with speculation and foresight†, giving her a playful, fun appearance, another beneficial quality. Lastly, Emma is bright girl, meaning we don't question her intelligence when things go wrong, just her naivety. She was never deceived about her sexual feelings during the book, and never deceived herself into feeling emotions that weren't there like Harriet seemed to. This emphasised her maturity, and made me, as the reader, value her actions and opinions more then, for example, Harriet's. In the book Emma seems to get everything and everyone wrong, yet her vulnerability is strangely attractive, and is one reason for my approval of her. The much irony directed at her is setting her up to be judged, irony in itself, as she is usually the one doing the judging. What she often thinks of other people is commonly true for her, and therefore classes her on the same level as everyone else. She is the heroine of the book, and proves so with conviction and success. However, to be a disliked heroine is mistaken. Because the book is told from her view constantly, allowing us to understand the character, and sympathise with her wrongdoings instead of judging her for them. Despite foreseeing when something is going to go wrong, we assume it will all turn out okay in the end, and predict there can only be a happy conclusion. Her officiousness and capacity for deluding herself only bulk out the story to make it more exhilarating, while also making Emma a fully rounded character, one which most readers cannot deny, like very much indeed.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Improving Media Literacy in Lower Education Research Paper

Improving Media Literacy in Lower Education - Research Paper Example As the report declares media literacy is especially important among children and youths upon whom the future of America and the world depends. This is because; by being media literate these individuals are better equipped to interpret complex messages from all forms of media including the internet, newspapers, television, magazines, radio, music, and marketing materials, among others. Another important aspect of media literacy is the fact that it equips people with the skills to create innovative media forms and become active partisans in the prevailing media culture. According to the research findings there are numerous media literacy tools presently in use in America, there is need to conduct extensive assessment research to establish the most effective ones. This process is made difficult by the fact that there are varying theoretical and educational foundations upon which the media literacy programs are established. With the extant literature on media literacy it is evident that many researchers concede that it is preferable to integrate emerging concepts of media literacy into existing education curricula, instead of teaching the concepts within a detached context. Many scholars appear to support the notion that these emergent media tools must gradually replace the traditional ones. For instance, many researchers consider traditional tools of investigative journalism to be outdated. It is for this reason that, they deem modern media tools like first-person documentaries to be the most appropriate investigative methods. ... any researchers concede that it is preferable to integrate emerging concepts of media literacy into existing education curricula, instead of teaching the concepts within a detached context. However, many scholars appear to support the notion that these emergent media tools must gradually replace the traditional ones. For instance, many researchers consider traditional tools of investigative journalism to be outdated. It is for this reason that, they deem modern media tools like first-person documentaries to be the most appropriate investigative methods. This is because; the producers of such films play a crucial role in informing members of the public about occurrence of destructive societal vices like malevolence and corruption (Herrick 45-56). These forms of documentaries, also popularly referred to as personal documentaries are films produced by a person. This is unlike traditional documentaries, which are filmed, edited and produced by a studio. First-person documentaries narrate actual events as they occur and, therefore, report factual realities as opposed to highly altered content. Josh Fox and Michael Moore are two of the most prominent personal documentary makers, who have led this revolution in journalism. Some of these filmmakers’ documentaries have instigated debate in mainstream American society, prompting me to understand the role played by this genre of film to promote social change. The filmmakers are occasionally perceived to be advocates of societal development and betterment of the public. This is a role that television journalists have gradually deserted, as they focus of the most profitable stories. Therefore, these personal documentaries are increasingly becoming useful learning tools as technology advances, and as more people gain the ability

Friday, September 27, 2019

Diversity in the Work Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity in the Work Environment - Essay Example Diversity is the guide for innovative thinking, entrepreneurial spirit and new methods of building the communities. According to Abbasi, & Hollman (1991) that Diversity as a concept is one that welcomes numerous ways of thinking and expression as important business resources for the reason that those differences can create new and innovative product and service ideas and methods of problem solving. Carr-Ruffino, (1996) said that managing diversity is considered as planning and implementing business systems and practices to direct people so that the probable advantages of diversity are maximized while its probable disadvantages are minimized. Managing diversity well presents a unique advantage in a time when flexibility and creativity are keys to competitiveness. A business needs to be flexible and adjustable to attain new customer desires. We live in time where understanding diversity is becoming more vital than ever. The word diversity has assumed new significance all throughout the past few years. Diversity has turn out to be related with positive action programs and cultural or gender-based sensitivity training. Yet diverse does exactly explain these days a usual firm's workers, independent contractors and customers. In this situation, it merely describes reality. The diversity issues are now considered important and are projected to turn into even more essential in the future due to growing differences in the population. Businesses' need to focus on diversity and look for ways to develop into totally inclusive organizations for the reason that diversity has the potential of yielding greater productivity and competitive advantages. Diversity is an important competitive asset that cannot afford to overlook. Managing and valuing diversity is a key component of effective people management, which can develop workplace productivity. Demographic changes will necessitate organizations to review the management practices and extend new and creative approaches to mana ging people. Changes will enhance work performance and customer service. Operating in a global economy presents vital challenges to businesses. On the human resources side of the equation, assembling a diverse workforce can be component of an effective overall strategy to stay competitive and create more employee and customer loyalty. The diversity of workforce is a through reflection of the organization and the appreciation of the benefits a diverse workforce has to offer. Diversity recruiting is becoming more and more significant as the world turned into more global. At first, legal compliance was the main driver behind most diversity recruiting. It's essential to recruit diverse individuals not merely for the reason that numerous corporations must operate facilities at multiple locations around the globe, but also for the reason that they need diverse-thinking individuals to design products that will be in high demand in every major country. In a global economy, having a diverse workforce is no longer an alternative. It has developed into an absolute r equirement for victory in a global economy. Various organizations have established processes and procedures for

Thursday, September 26, 2019

How does the UK degree compared to the French degree Essay

How does the UK degree compared to the French degree - Essay Example Moreover, investing in degrees in some countries is a risky investment. In countries such as Italy and France, degree certificates are often tarnished. With such eventualities, students in such countries would rather not invest in education. In France, the entry level for students in first year degree programs is 48%. Of this number, 38% proceed to complete the programs (Arias Ortiz & Dehon, 2013). Therefore, in order for students to remain relevant in the European and the global market various strategies are employed. Students improve the strength of their degree credential by joining masters as well as postgraduate programs. In relation to statistics on the United Kingdom, degree programs are considerable popular investments. Despite an increase for fees, students still fill spaces in UK universities. However, research has found a drop in the number of students from affluent background. Despite this, the number of students for degrees in the United Kingdom is considerable higher than in other countries across Europe. This paper provides a comparison between French and United Kingdom degree qualifications. It provides detailed information on qualification requirements, entry and as well as other standards. Self-study is an important aspect in the progression of students in degree programs. Self-studies assist individuals develop their discipline levels, imagination, and observation and exploration skills. Se lf study programs have been on the offing in educational programs. Individuals are now able to learn from online platforms. This comes through long-distance education or online classrooms. Both France and UK now offer degree programs for self study. In order to gain entry into a French university, students need to have passed their entry-level exams in their countries of origin. For the nationals of the country, individuals need to have held a baccalaurà ©at qualification. In spite of prospective

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 106

Case Study Example The Swiss chocolate ice cream cake roll has to be sourced from another vendor in the supplier’s list immediately. The situation analysis needs to begin with the communication breakdown. It is important to assess the communication between the sales department and the conference organizer who was supposed to ensure that the guests did not bring along their pets. The reservationist failed to inquire if the guests were dog or cat owners, which would have helped to avoid the two pets from creating a commotion at the Times hotel. The events demonstrated failure among the reservations personnel. There is need to ask them to explain why the mess occurred. The reason for two room attendants not to report to work during such chaos is questionable and needs an explanation. The switchboard operator failed to relay calls with important information to the chef and the reasons need to be known. The air conditioner was faulty and the front office manager did not get this information as calls from the executive engineer went unanswered. The switch board operator plays a significant role in the hotel’s co mmunication network and should not fail in his/her duty. The significance of effective communication between the front office and other departments cannot be overemphasized. It is important for the front office manager to develop an analytical perspective of the communication system. Active participation by front the office manager in routine communication is important for the effective management of other departments. Employees need to be trained on how to deal with colleagues within their department as well as in other departments to enhance professionalism in communication and service delivery. The function board needs to be reviewed with every employee on respective shifts to ensure professional initial guest contact. The front office manager needs to help the employees to concentrate on every day’s

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Constitution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Constitution - Term Paper Example It was an economic and social institution.On this note, a variety of civil rights movement arose to advocate for the abolishment of slavery, and recognition of the black people as Citizens of United States of America2. This would allow them to enjoy greater freedom and equality that emanated from democracy. Various amendments were made to the American constitution were made to abolish slavery, and advocate for the right of every American citizen to vote. In 1865, the thirteenth amendment recognized the concept of natural freedom, and abolished slavery.The fourteenth amendment spelt out the qualifications of a citizen, and spelt out their rights and liberties. The Fifteenth amendment was ratified in 1870, and it gave all American the right to vote, irrespective of race, religion or color.On this note, the American system of democracy is termed as the constitutional democracy. Constitutionaldemocracy is always subject to the rule of law. The elected representatives of the people must e xercise power3, basing on the requirements of the law, which on most occasions, advocates and protects the rights of people, and their freedom. On this note, the Judiciary, and in particular the United States Supreme Court plays an important role in ensuring that the democratic process of United States of America adheres to the law. In the case Baker vs. Carr, the court made an important ruling regarding the one man one vote system. This paper examines the importance of this ruling in promoting the principles of democracy and constitutional rule in United States of America. This paper observes that, the ruling was very important in promoting democracy and regulating the behavior of the American political system. This paper analyzes the case, identifies important elements in the case, which relate to promoting democracy in the State. This paper also looks at the various cases that the judiciary used to the case to solve. Baker vs. Carr, is a 1962 decision by the Supreme Courtthat dec ided the eligibility of the Federal and State legislature in creating new voting zones4. The defendant, in the case argued that, the concepts of redistricting, is a political issue, and therefore the judiciary does not have the authority to intervene. The Judiciary only intervenes on legal issues, and not political issues. According to the case, the Tennessee State Constitution advocate for the re-drawing of legislative districts after every ten years. The purpose of this was to equally distribute the citizens of a district. The plaintiff, Mr Baker argued that re-districting the districts amounted to a breach of his constitutional right of equal protection, as advocated by the Fourteenth amendment. However, the State of Tennessee made a defense arguing that re-districting is a political process, and the judiciary does not have an authority to preside over a political process5.However, the United Supreme Court ruled that the decision by Tennessee to allow re-districting after every t en years was unconstitutional, and it breached the right of equality as advocated for under the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause. On this note, the state had to re-district based on the number of voters, as opposed to the size of the territory. This case,

Monday, September 23, 2019

Brand audit assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Brand audit assignment - Essay Example During this time, Cosmopolitan started to become more of a literary magazine, with the introduction of serial fiction and book reviews being published in the magazine for the first time. During this time, Walker not only managed to triple the magazines subscriptions, he also provided the magazine with a general direction that was continued when in 1889 John Brisben Walker purchased the magazine. During this time, top writers such as Rudyard Kipling, Ambrose Bierce, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser began writing for the Cosmopolitan regularly and it became one of America’s leading literary magazines. From the early 20th century to the 1940’s, the magazine continued to grow in nationwide circulations and became a full-fledged self proclaimed â€Å"Four book magazine†, publishing a combination of a novella, six to eight short stories, serials, six to eight articles and assorted features. However, during the late 1950’s the magazine began to lose some of its l oyal readership when the paperback and television started to become household commodities and took the focus off magazines. The Birth of the â€Å"Cosmo Girl† It was only in the 60’s that drastic change ensued and the magazine started out on its journey to become what it is today: a leading magazine catering to the â€Å"fun, fearless woman† of today who seeks information and advice about sex, relationships, fashion and their well-being. The magazine as it is today was reshaped at a point when it had become a general interest magazine, with rapidly declining profits and mass market appeal. At the time this change happened, American society on the whole was going through a phase of tentative change, women all over the country were beginning to realize the power of their own femininity and were beginning to explore the limits of their own sexuality. The predominantly male oriented society was becoming more open to freedom of thought and speech and women were start ing to look at avenues of work that were previously dominated by males. During that time, Helen Gurley Brown, a newly married copywriter, wrote a fictional account of a single girl who was living the kind of new and exciting life that women of that age wanted to live, a life where they had the freedom to do whatever they pleased and be happy without a stable man or relationship in their life. This new book, â€Å"Sex and the Single Girl† encouraged women to enjoy their sexuality without guilt, a topic which interested the woman of the 60’s so much that the book became an instant best-seller (Benjamin, J., 2009). The success of the book, and the frenzy of thank you notes from women who wanted further advice on their personal issues gave Helen Gurley Brown the idea of creating her own magazine which would allow her to address these women directly and give them advice about their personal issues regarding sex, relationships and health. This idea lead her to the Hearst Cor poration’s aging â€Å"general interest† magazine for Men and Women, The Cosmopolitan. The owners of the magazine were already planning to close it down and gave her the reigns to try out her new format in the hopes that she could breathe new life into the magazines declining circulation. This decision proved to be a remarkably apt one as the magazine’

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Looking at any Two or Three Urban Schemes or Monuments Built in Paris Essay

Looking at any Two or Three Urban Schemes or Monuments Built in Paris in the 1600s, Use Subheadings to Identify the Design Featu - Essay Example Initially the monument was incomplete when the monument was unveiled. With time, the envisioned facades were painted and appeared canvas in color. The monument was pierced by six streets and a circular pan built on it served the role of a flexible joint that would join and harmonize the various axes present on the monument. The underfoot for both the monuments was made of gilt bronze and had bas relief panels that appeared to be flattering in inscriptions. At the corners of the monuments, there were dejected bronze figures that were seated. The Desjardins sculptures were adopted to make the monuments more beautiful. Wooden pyramid were also a common feature among the monuments and this were just some of the features that were being added with time to ensure that the monuments would be aesthetic. Given the fact that these monuments were built in a period during which people had great respect for the authorities, there was need to ensure aesthetic beauty accompanied every building so t hat the royal family would be respected. 1 Place Des Vegas is the oldest planned square in Paris and was originally known as the place royale. It is a true square measuring 140m ? 140m and in it was the first program responsible for city planning. It was built at a tournament at the Tournelles which is a royal residence. Before building it, demolition was undertaken by Catherine de Medicis of the gothic pile and later on constructed there the building. It was inaugurated in 1612 and at the same time celebration of the wedding by Louis xiii was done. What made this building unique was the fact that all the house fronts were built in the same design of red brick that had stripes of stone quoins. There were also designs like over vaulted arcades that would be made to stand on the square pillars. The roofs were steeply pitched blue slate and were pierced with discreet small paned dormers that were above the pedimented dormers. The design was so architectural such that it would attract t he passers by and it indicated a sign of supremacy in the society for those who inhabited the building. The pavilions would rise higher than the unified roofline which was located at the centre of the north and south faces. These face offered accessibility to the triple arches in the building. Place dauphine also on the other hand is a public square that is triangular in shape that can be accessed by use of a bridge from both sides. It was constructed on the site of three islets that were mud banks at that time. The French royal court later on established a permanent settlement in the monument. 2 It also adopted a triangular shape that had two canted ends as had been instructed by Achille du Harlay. He saw the need for the monument to be a thirty two house that had a single plan. This was considered as being among the earliest and oldest designs that had been adopted by the monument. It is also surrounded by big red bricks that have a faded grey cobblestone walks. The gracing centre is the loveliest park that has trees around it to offer a cool breeze. The benches in the gracing centre offer a place to seat for those who stay in the area and those who visit the premises. At the end of the construction, it appeared to be a quadrangle that had a gateway centered at the downstream and also had paired pavilions. The houses here are built of brick that has limestone quoins and the floors are arcaded. All the

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Write about the poem Famine Shadows Essay Example for Free

Write about the poem Famine Shadows Essay You should describe what the poet writes about and how he uses language to convey the speaker’s thoughts and feelings. The poem, â€Å"Famine Shadows,† by Robert Dunlop is a highly emotive poem that deals with the Irish famine of the 1800s. The poet uses imagery to capture the speaker’s thoughts and feelings throughout, especially the bitterness they feel towards those better off than they are. Even the title alludes to the depressing nature of the poem, as the word, â€Å"shadows,† suggests darkness and lingering evil. Dunlop uses many violent verbs in the first stanza, such as, â€Å"thundered down,† and, â€Å"battered,† to describe the coming of the famine which conveys that it came suddenly, like an ambush attack. It is also described as, â€Å"Like a storm whipped up†¦ with perverse intensity.† This simile makes use of pathetic fallacy, as the speaker compares the famine to an abrupt and harsh storm. Furthermore, the strong adjective, â€Å"perverse,† symbolises a deep sense of disorder and injustice. We are told that the speaker felt like, â€Å"skin and bone beyond redemption.† This infers how hopeless the situation was, as it describes people physically wasting away. Dunlop proceeds to directly contrast the, â€Å"Lords of lands, castled masters,† to the, â€Å"fevered cabins of the poor.† This juxtaposition is the crux of the poem: the speaker laments the injustice of how the rich left the poor to suffer. This ‘us and them’ attitude is continued in the second stanza, where the speaker refers to, â€Å"the likes of us.† Moving on to the second stanza, another striking simile is used to paint the utter despondency of the Irish people: â€Å"Workhouse gates / Gaunt as our withered limbs.† The adjective, â€Å"withered,† compares the people to dying plants rather than humans. They have become so frail that they are losing any sense of humanity they once had. There is even a reference to, â€Å"brimstone,† which is symbolic of the living hell the speaker is going through. This barrage of emotive descriptions should evoke feelings of pity and anger in the readers. Towards the culmination of the poem there is a tonal shift, where we are led to believe there may be some hope. The speaker tells of, â€Å"kindly ladled, stirred-up soup,† the first positive element to be introduced in the poem. However, even this is just a faà §ade of hope. The speaker calls them, â€Å" â€Å"Friends† of God,† his use of inverted commas proving that he is so weary that he is instantly suspicious of anyone that tries to help him. The poem ends with a morbid line: â€Å"Which drags us back towards / The ground from which we came.† Dunlop reveals that death was always inevitable for the speaker. Furthermore, the poem’s form is a dramatic monologue where the poet writes using the voice of an anonymous speaker. In terms of structure the poem consists of two stanzas and has no rhyme scheme, reflecting the disorder of famine-struck Ireland. There are frequent uses of enjambment, which creates a tension between the syntax and the rhythm. This reflects the overall tension of the poem. Each line is quite short, perhaps a reflection of the stunted life expectancy of the speaker. To conclude, Famine Shadows is a very dark and dismal poem that deals with one of the most unpleasant events in Ireland’s history. Dunlop skilfully uses language to let the reader gain an insight into the thoughts and feelings of the speaker.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Carbonic Anhydrase The Fastest Enzyme Biology Essay

Carbonic Anhydrase The Fastest Enzyme Biology Essay Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide  per second. The basic molecular structure of CA includes specific amino acid threonine 199, glutamate 106, histidine 64 and histidine residues namely His 93, His 95, and His 118. The mode of regulation of CA is being inhibited by various medically prescribed substances that act as non competitive inhibitors, an example is Acetazolamide. CA plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body thus, Mutation of this enzyme may lead to several diseases.(1) CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE THE START: Breathing, a fundamental function in life The air that we breathe in has some valuable oxygen, an important molecule wherein it helps the breakdown of fats and sugars in our cells. From the blood, oxygen diffuses then binds with the hemoglobin to be transported in the cells of our body. A by product of sugar and fat breakdown in cells is called Carbon dioxide CO2). It is a key metabolite in all living organism and it needs to be removed from our body. Carbon dioxide is diffuse out of the cells and transported in the blood in different ways to get to the lungs. CA is transported in numerous forms, mainly as bicarbonate, HCO3-. Bicarbonate is a CO2- with an attached OH group. When the HCO3- reaches the lungs, it is transformed back to a CO2, so it can be exhaled from the body. The conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide facilitates its transport into the cell; while the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate assists trap the carbon dioxide in the cell. This interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate develop at a slow physiological pH hence organism tend to produces an enzyme to hasten the process. This enzyme responsible for the speed up interconversion, which can be found in the red blood cells, is called carbonic anhydrase. Although the interconversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide can happen without the enzyme, CA can great increase the rate of the conversions up to a millions of fold. (2) STRUCTURE The CA molecule in general has ellipsoidal shape with the estimated dimension 4.1 x 4.1 x 4.7 nm. The active site is situated in a cavity having an approximately conical shape. The cavity is assessed 1.5 m wide at the way in and about 1.6 nm deep attaining almost the center of the molecule. The zinc ion is next to the peak of the cone and liganded into 3 imidazole groups. Figure 1. CA Structure (2) Figure 1. shows the structure of CA. Taken as a whole, is composed of 10-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet enclosed with various elements of other secondary structure. The 6 alpha-helices and 10-beta sheets make up the secondary structure of carbonic anhydrase. The basic function of CA is basically to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood that is needed in a human body. As the function suggests, the chemical structure of CA extremely lies with the presence of zinc that lies deep within its active site. Its common amino acid composition includes threonine, glutamate and histidine. The specificity of these 3 amino acids (threonine 199, glutamate 106, and histidine 64) plays a critical role in relation to the presence of zinc by charging it with a hydroxyl ion. The zinc cation is associated with three histidine residue protein backbone namely: His93, His95, and His118. As stated, zinc plays a major role in the reaction of CA. The zinc present in the active side of CA is being bound to water to be able to dissociate it into a proton and hydroxyl ion. The hydroxyl ion is being stabilized by the positively charged zinc, in this way; the hydroxyl ion is being prepared to attack the carbon dioxide inside the RBC. A closer look with CA can be seen in the figure below where the amino acid chains in the active site together with the zinc are evident. The role of the zinc basically includes the command of directional transfer of the bound hydroxyl to the carbon dioxide to be able to form bicarbonate ion. From the figure, it shows that the intermediate structure where the bicarbonate ion is still attached to the enzyme. The alanine replicated the side chain for amino acid 199 in this arrangement. Histidine 64 swings in the direction of and away from the zinc ion in every cycle of enzyme action although it is helping the zinc to recharge with a novel hydroxyl ion. The two locations of this residue, revealed in the bottom right figure, symbolize its movement throughout the action of enzyme. Almost immediately as the zinc is reloaded with an original water molecule together with the release of bicarbonate ion, the enzyme is set for another action on some new carbon dioxide molecule. (3) MECHANISM OF CATALYSIS The rate of catalysis of the CA is exceedingly pH dependent. It means that, the higher the pH, the catalysis is faster and as the pH reduces, the speed of the reaction falls down. The mean pH of this transition is near pH 7. (5) Figure 2. Mechanism of CA catalysis (6) Figure 2.0 shows the mechanism of CA catalysis. A zinc atom which is generally bound to four or more ligands differs in CA. In CA, three locations are occupied by imidazole ring of three histidine residues and an additional site is occupied by a water molecule. Thus the geometry form of the active site is tetrahedral. The zinc atom plays an important role in the mechanism of CA catalysis because it is responsible for the release of a proton H+ from a water molecule, which then generates a nucleophilic hydroxide ion. Then the carbon dioxide substrate will attach to the active site of the enzyme to react with the ion of hydroxide. The zinc-bound OH-  attacks the carbon of CO2  therefore converting it into a bicarbonate ion. This occurs since the zinc ion has the +2 charge, which attracts the oxygen of water. It then deprotonates the water, thus, converting it into a better nucleophile so that the newly converted hydroxyl ion can attack the carbon dioxide. After the nucleophilic att ack of zinc bound OH-, addition of water molecule displaces the bicarbonate ion from the metal ion. The CA is then ready for another cycle of catalysis. (7) KINETICS OF REACTIONS CA inhibitors are class of pharmaceuticals that control the activity of carbonic anhydrase. It is inhibited by two classes of compounds, a metal complex forming anions and others are isosteres and sulfonamides. Inhibitors ionize upon binding with the enzyme to give way an NH- group that relocates the zinc hydroxide ions and shares a hydrogen bond. There are roughly 25 clinically used CA inhibitors as a drugs. It is mainly established as antiglaucoma drugs, diuretics, hypotensive agents, anticonvulsants, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, with additional use in the management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, osteoporosis and neurological disorder. (8) Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide Topiramate Figure 3. Illustrations of some CA inhibitors (9) Figure 3.0 shows some CA inhibitors like Acetozolamide which acts as a mild diuretic. It cures glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some benign intracranial hypertension. Methazolamide treats glaucoma present in dogs which is called Open-angle glaucoma. While Topiramate which is a weak inhibitor, alleviate epilepsy, lennox gastuat syndrome and migraine headaches. And another CA inhibitor is the, Dorzolamide or sulphonamide which treat ocular hypertension or open-angele glaucoma. (10) CA activator regulates the proton transfer processes between the active site and the solvent system. It also binds at the entrance of the enzyme of the active site. One of the strong activator of CA is Histidine. Some amines and amino acids like l-Trp (tryptophan), l-Phe (Phenylalanine),  d-DOPA (D- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine),  l-Tyr (Tyrosine), 4-amino-l-Phe also works as activators of CA. These CA activators are potentially target for drug development that can be useful as a derivative for the enhancement of synaptic efficacy which can be able to treat various conditions like, depression, alzheimers disease, ageing, spatial learning and memory therapy enhancer. (11) MODE OF REGULATION: Acetazolamide Inhibitor In case of excessive contents of CA in blood and peripheral areas of the lungs, proper regulation and inhibition is needed. Acetazolamide is a non competitive inhibitor that is effective in giving control with the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. This chemical complex substance is medically used o treat different conditions of moderate up to severe metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis may happen if excess CA is being reacted with the bicarbonate and carbon dioxide ions in the RBC, causing extreme absorption of bicarbonate thus giving the erythrocyte more basicity rather than having enough and sufficient pH level. Acetazolamide action is explained by interfering with bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby giving enough acidity in the RBC, and further results to alkalinizing the urine. The action of inhibition results further to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor of the eye and causes the lowering of intraocular pressure. The interaction of Acetazolamide with CA does not occur with the active site, only close or remote to the active site. The net effect of this inhibitor basically changes the shape of CA that obviously leads to the inability of the substrate to bind properly, results to no catalytic reaction. (12) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Carbonic Anhydrase is found in numerous places in the body, including in the cerebro-spinal fluid, cytosol of some cells and mainly in the red blood cells. Since CA generates and utilizes protons and bicarbonate ions, it plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body. Absence or mutation of the CA enzyme may lead to several diseases.  Also, CA inhibitor contributes to several treatments of diseases. One of the linked diseases of CA is the Osteopetrosis with cerebral calcification and renal acidosis. It is a syndrome deficient with CA in the body commonly called as Marble brain disease. This happens because sulfonamide inhibitor of CA can produce metabolic acidosis and have shown that CA inhibitors blocks the parathyroid hormone-induced the release of calcium bone which causes bone resorption. And since CA is present in the brain and CA inhibitors inhibits the production of cerebral spinal fluid, mutation of CA lead to cerebral calcification. Other disease associated with the deficiency of specific type of CAIII is the Myastenia gravis. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results to a weak muscle of a person. Defects in CA IV can cause retinitis pigmentosa, a degeneration of retinal photoreceptor, which a patient experiences night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual. (13) Glaucoma, a condition wherein a build up of fluid in the eyes occurs and this presses the optic nerve that caused damage, is treated with the use of CA inhibitors like acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide. These inhibitors lessen the amount of fluid in the eye rapidly by 40% to 60% thus lowering the pressure inside the eye of a person with glaucoma. It now lessens the risk of optic nerve damage which promote vision loss. But prolong use of this drug affects the same enzyme in the tissue and may lead to kidney and liver damage The CA also plays an important role in the secretion of acid through the catalyzed hydration of excreted CO2 in the stomach lining which is mainly responsible in digestion of food. It helps to make pancreatic juice alkaline and our saliva neutral. In summary, CA performs different role and functions at their specific locations. (14)

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Brotherhood in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn - Brotherhood " Batman and Robyn are the ultimate dynamic duo....", In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, Twain describes a "Batman and Robyn", like relationship that is formed by two of the main characters, Jim and Huck. Mark Twain brings the characters relationship to life with descriptive details of their attitudes and feelings towards each other. Jim, a fleeing slave, and Huck, who fakes his own death, are on a crusade for Freedom from different individual struggles. Throughout their journey they undergo many incidents that construct their relationship to become a treasured togetherness. Mark Twain's, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, reveals Jim and Huck as individuals growing together to mold a relationship which is extremely valid throughout the novel. Jim's relationship to Huck endows devotion, sensitivity, and brotherhood. Jim cherishes Huck as if he was his offspring, and presents Huck with the possibility of seeing him as a guardian. Throughout the novel Jim proves to be protective and caring as a father would be. Jim and Huck come upon a floating house boat, where they inspect the findings of a decease man on board, "Come in, Huck, but doan' look at his face" (Twain 50). Jim doesn't want Huck to stare at the dead man's face, which is a clear example of Jim shielding Huck from the ghastly sight. This also indicates Jim is concerned about Huck's response to the dead body and he uses a protective father portrayal to indicate this. One more significant illustration of the sprouting relationship between Jim and Huck is the amount of emotion Jim shows when he believes that Huck is gone forever. Huck performs a horrible prank on Jim, by pretending that he never was separated from him which contrasts with Jim's parental di sposition , "Heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz los' en I didn' k' yer no mo' what become er me en de raf" (twain 86). Jim is overcome with joy at the site of Huck, he begins to weep. Jim feels that Huck has taken advantages of his trust and friendship and Jim decides to confess to Huck that he would give anything up for him including his life, despite the fact that Huck is on opposing sides of society.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Gender Roles in Classical Greece Essay examples -- Term Papers Researc

Gender Roles in Classical Greece Missing Works Cited In Classical Greece, roles played by males and females in society were well-defined as well as very distinct from each other. Expectations to uphold these societal norms were strong, as a breakdown within the system could destroy the success of the oikos (the household) and the male’s reputation—two of the most important facets of Athenian life. The key to a thriving oikos and an unblemished reputation was a good wife who would efficiently and profitably run the household. It was the male’s role, however, to ensure excellent household management by molding a young woman into a good wife. Women were expected to enter the marriage as a symbolically empty vessel; in other words, a naà ¯ve, uneducated virgin of about 15 years who could be easily shaped by a husband twice her age. Through the instruction of her husband, the empty vessel would be filled with the necessary information to become a good wife who would maintain an orderly household and her husbandâ⠂¬â„¢s reputation, thereby fulfilling the Athenian female gender role for citizen women. In order for a young woman to be marriageable—unadulterated, inexperienced, and unknowing—she had to have been raised in an extremely sheltered environment, given little contact with the world beyond her father’s household. In Xenophon’s Oeconomicus, the husband, Ischomachos describes his new wife to Socrates: How Socrates . . . could she have known anything when I took her, since she came to me when she was not yet fifteen, and had lived previously under diligent supervision in order that she might see and hear as little as possible and ask the fewest possible questions (Oeconom... ...imately men were in command in all situations: Ischomachos’s wife says, â€Å"For my guarding and distribution of the indoor things would look somewhat ridiculous, I suppose, if it weren’t your concern to bring in something from outside (Oeconomicus, VII 39).† This suggests that even though the wife was the indoor household manager, she was still obeying her husband’s orders that were the driving force of her own agency within the oikos. Making the transition from living a naà ¯ve existence under the protection of the father to presiding over the oikos under the supervision of the husband was the essential social norm for youthful citizen Athenian women. It is unsurprising, then, that in a patriarchal society, the young female could only fulfill her societal role as manager of the oikos when her assumed empty vessel was filled by her husband with the proper knowledge.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Super Leadership and Creativity Potential :: Business, Super Leadership Approach

Research Objectives The body of the literature on management and leadership primarily concentrate on the vibrant nature of the common organization. This paper augments the abundantly available literature on leadership studies for organizations. The minor intentions of this paper is to generate an forward motion that will induce other academics and scholars to focus on the topic of leadership at a much wider level having more comprehensive objectives in mind. The main focus would be to explore the link between super leadership behavior and creative potential through idea generation for an innovative and creative culture within organization. Research Questions The research questions in this case are presented as follows: 1. What is the relationship between super leadership and creativity potential? 2. How super leadership provoke an employee to perform at its best level? REVIEW OF LITERATURE Why to shift from traditional leadership to Super-Leadership? Super-leadership, sometimes also called as â€Å"Self-Leadership†, may be defined as the strategy to lead others is hidden in by leading oneself (Manz & Sims, 2001). The main difference between traditional leadership management concept and Super-Leadership is the main focus on followers rather than leader itself, and especially the belief of improving follower’s capacity to lead who are effective self-leaders. Therefore, concisely, super-leadership is the way of leading others to lead themselves. As argued (Sims & Manz, 1996), for super leadership behavior to be implemented, a leader has to adopt 10 most significant shifts from traditional approach of leadership in order to move towards super leadership approach are as follows:- 1. The leader helps out the team members/group to switch from external observation to self-observation. 2. The focus is on moving from designated goals to goals that are self developed. 3. Organic control is exercised by team/group members’ i.e. external reinforcement for task performance changes in to internal reinforcement with an addition of external reinforcement for self-leadership behaviors. 4. Leadership prefer to motivation techniques not only based on external compensation but also based on the natural rewards associated with work. 5. The leader shifts the group to focus on self criticism rather than external criticism from the organization, which often creates bad impact upon team/group members. 6. There is a move from external problem solving towards self-problem solving techniques. 7. There is a shift from external job assignments to self-job assignments. 8. Leadership moves from external planning to self planning and from external task design to self-design of tasks at step eight. 9. Any problem or issue arises should be treated as an opportunity instead of threat by the group/team members.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Han vs Roman Attitudes Toward Tech

Kimberly Giron AP World history September 27, 2012 World History DBQ Han society had positive attitude towards technology as some saw it as beneficial to society and others considered it a gift. Roman society had more of a supportive yet demeaning attitude towards technology. There is no doubt that things that benefit people and gift are considered positive. A Han government official (Document 1) wrote to local officials in order to advise them on how to use their technology to prevent floods, showing his interests in maintaining the empire so that it doesn't fall.Not only that, Han Guan, another government official (Document 2) goes against the way the government is monopolizing the making of technology and that technology should be made by the people, since government made technologies are brittle and costing the government more money as not much salt is being produced. It is very interesting that an official would speak against the government, but it may be due to the fact that th e scarcity of salt is costing this official money.Both officials may also be looking to maintain their positions or get higher ones once the emperor sees how well they are looking after the empire, which can only be maintained with the help of technology. Others in Han society consider technology as a gift from enlightened leaders. Huan Tan, an upper-class philosopher (document 3) mentions that Fuxi invented some technology which was efficient and beneficial to society. Fuxi, is said to be a wise enlightened emperor which means that since Fuxi made it, it is no doubt a great gift.There is also some government sponsored history (Document 4) which characterizes Tu Shih as a just and commoner loving man who developed technology in order lift some of the burden of labor off the people. Technology was Tu Shih's gift to the people and Tu Shih, was considered a Fuxi. Therefore this government sponsored historian also considers technology a gift. Roman attitude towards technology was that i s was necessary but that it didn't take much intelligence to make such technology, or in other words, a demeaning attitude.Cicero, an upper-class politician leader (Document 5), considered technology as something for vulgar common folk,not gentlemen. He believed that skill wasn't required to use such thing but, he never mentioned that technology was useless. Seneca, a philosopher and adviser (Document 7) also believed that it doesn't take brains to come up with technology but never attacks it's use in society as he sees that it doesn't matter who made it, but its use that matters.Their attitude must be influenced by the fact that technology was made by the lower class and acknowledging lower class work would mean lowering their pride. Other Roman attitudes were that technology was needed to create beauty. Frontius, a Roman general (Document 8) gives a glowing report on how beautiful technology has been able to make the empire's aqueducts, far more superior than structures in Greece and Egypt. Plutarch, a high official in Rome (Document 6) gives another positive report on the beauty of Roman roads created by Gaius Gracchus which was built with the help of their technology.Therefore, technology is practical, is essential for making things beautiful, but looked down upon as it is used by the lower class. Despite the different societies, it is clear that in each empire government officials and upper-class philosophers tend to share attitudes towards technology. It would be interesting to see the attitudes of common workers and women towards technology as they are the ones who make more use of it.Workers may be most affected by technology as they are the ones whom upper-class Romans consider to be the vulgar people who work with it and brainless people who invent it. In Han societies they would be the ones who produce the salt and also need the protection given by technology. The opinions of women would also provide information on how women were involved in technol ogy and how it affected gender roles. The documents above only provide a view for one class in each society therefore not giving a clear overall attitude on technology in each society.

Literary Analysis of the Great Gatsby Essay

F. Scott Fitzgerald demonstrates the thematic concern of carelessness in his fictional novel, The Great Gatsby, by using characters such as Jordan, Myrtle, and Daisy. Carelessness is exemplified many times throughout the book; such as on page 26. The narrator says, â€Å"She nodded and moved away from him just as George returned.† This statement describes Myrtle caressing her secret lover, Tom, just before her husband re-enters the room. She is careless as to hide her affection. Another example can be found on page 58, in a conversation between Nick and Jordan in the car. Nick: â€Å"Suppose you met somebody just as careless as yourself.† Jordan: â€Å"I hope I never will.† In this scene, Jordan is driving recklessly, as usual. Nick is confronting her about being careless for the first time. This is not the last time the author shows the thematic concern though: â€Å"Daisy sat back upon the couch. The nurse took a step forward and held out her hand.† During this part of the novel (page 23), Daisy pays no attention to her child. She leaves the nurse to take care of and raise her daughter; hence the term ‘careless’. As proven by the excerpts above, Fitzgerald clearly is attempting to put a subtle emphasis on this trait of life. By creating a chaotic atmosphere in the book, carelessness is obvioiusly going to play a big part in the plot to reach the climax. With quotes like the examples given, Fitzergerald accomplishes his goal of displaying carelessness throughout The Great Gatsby.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Legacies of Horace Mann and John Dewey

Horace Mann (1796-1859) and John Dewey (1859-1952) are important contributors in the development of American Educational system. Mann regarded education as an effective  Ã‚   tool for training children and individuals into obedient workers while Dewey sees education as a means for growth and preparation of individuals to become democratic citizens (Filler 128; Westbrook 171). In conformity to their educational philosophies,  Ã‚     Ã‚  Mann made efforts that result to an organized, centralized, democratic American education while John Dewey was responsible for the laying down of American theories of democratic, science-respecting education. Mann firmly believed that education helps to alleviate poverty and he stressed this belief in his Twelfth Annual Report on education. He was convinced that educated and trained individuals produced productive labor, and hence contributes to the prosperity of a nation (Filler 128). However, when Horace Mann assumed the leadership of the Board of Education in Massachusetts in 1837, he was confronted with a sad condition of education in America. American educational ideals were low and undemocratic. Furthermore, schools were poorly organized and its curricula and methods were limited and needs modernization. On top of that,   Ã‚  schools were in bad physical condition (Graves 254-255). In short, education during Mann’s time was a neglected and more or less an unimportant part of American society. Mann worked hard to elevate the status of education in his time by promoting education through personal visits of schools in his circuit and publishing Annual Reports. He also secured government funding for schools and established libraries and â€Å"normal† training schools for teachers (Graves 256, 264). As a result, he earned the name the Father of American public education. Mann’s legacy was long lasting, for public schools flourished throughout America today and regarded by most as the best means for transmitting knowledge and training in skills. Hence, the educated American is equipped to be productive. Mann adopted a democratic approach to education. He saw the public school as a means for equalizing education, where children of different social classes learned together. He believed that education should be â€Å"universal† and â€Å"free† (Graves 264).   However, it is strange for modern minds that while Mann envisioned children of all classes learning together in schools he did not oppose segregation (â€Å"Horace† 2001). Nevertheless, Mann’s â€Å"universal† and â€Å"free† view of education is still widely held in America today, except that in modern times school attendance is not only composed of individuals of different social classes but also of different races. John Dewey on the other hand, proposed that the goal of education should produce democratic individuals for a democratic nation. He likened classrooms as representations of a democratic society. He reasoned that the success of a democratic nation lies on its educated people who had developed democratic knowledge and skills needed for a democratic society. Dewey advocated learning by method type of education and not by memorization by repetition (Westbrook 172; Archambault 10-12). In short, his educational style was highly interactive and unites theory and practice. This kind of educational style had been proven effective for learning and American schools today had lessons and curricula   Ã‚  designed for both instructing and experiencing theories. Unlike Mann, Dewey believed that schools should not produce productive worker alone but a citizen whose skills and democratic experiences met   the demands of a democratic society.   For Dewey, acquiring this skill and knowledge is not dependent on the subject matter but on the child’s own instinctive ability and power (Westbrook 177). John Dewey’s supports progressive education. As such, he liberated   students from becoming a slave to traditional knowledge. For him the student is central to education. He encouraged scientific inquiry in the classroom. In fact,  Ã‚   John Dewey was interested to â€Å"fuse the imperatives of science and nature, democracy and humanity† in educational instruction (McCluskey 177). In this sense, he has in some measure touched every stone in the modern American educational structure. It can be said that Horace Mann laid the foundation for the effective operation of American public school while John Dewey provided the theory for it. Of the two, Dewey was more of the philosopher. Mann, on the other hand was not a philosopher, he was a practical man of action whose moral earnestness laid the foundation of American public schools (Graves 266). Works Cited Archambault, Reginald D.   John Dewey on Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974. Filler, Louis.  Ã‚   Horace Mann on the Crisis of Education.   Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch Press, 1965. Graves, Frank Pierrepont. Great Educators of Three Centuries: Their Work and Its Influence on Modern Education.   New York: Macmillan, 1912. Horace Mann.   2001.   Roundtable, Inc.Accessed April 7, 2008 McCluskey, Neil Gerard. Public Schools and Moral Education: The Influence of Horace Mann, William Torrey Harris, and John Dewey. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. Westbrook, Robert B.  Ã‚   John Dewey and American Democracy.   Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.   

Saturday, September 14, 2019

International Airlines Hit by European Unions’s CO2 Emissions Plan

Bearing in mind that this article is comprehensive, coherent and fluent, the written account is inclusive and demonstrates an apparent connection with Section 2. 4 Market Failure and sets up a close relation with the two sections in particular; negative externalities1 and the possible governmental responses concerning the quandary given, which in this case proposes a European Commission draft proposal requiring all flights arriving at or departing from the European Union airports to buy permits for their carbon dioxide emissions. This article is effective for the internal assessment because it does not dive into the economic theory, but introduces many notions that can easily be absorbed into economic presumptions and then be analysed. The extract portrays about how the advantages and disadvantages of using pollution permits, how effective they are and how several European companies are learning to deal with the more stringent regulations of the EU on pollution as a result of global warming. Pollution permits, are certain amounts of CO2 which are allowed to be emitted by companies in during production. These are given out by the respective governments to the companies, who can also purchase further permits from other companies who don't need all their permission to pollute. 2 The draft proposal which will require all flights arriving or departing from EU airports to buy permits to cover their carbon dioxide emissions, will be presented just before Christmas, and is crucial to the community's fight against global warning and climate change. The E. U. has incorporated pollution permits, in order to curb carbon gas emission, and slow down global warming, forcing international airlines to pay for the negative externalities they are causing during production. This means that the trans-national airlines have to pay for the vertical distance between SMC and PMC, so that they are paying the expenditure the society would normally have to sacrifice for, which can be seen in Figure 1. , before the European Unions incorporation of pollution permits: Fig 1. 1: Before the Introduction of Pollution permits Figure 1. 2: After the Introduction of Pollution permits Figure 1. 1 shows the situation clearly before the pollution permits were introduced by the European Union draft proposal. The problem undoubtedly being that the market was experiencing failure, as the global airline firms did not have to pay the cost they were causing the society by their carbon gas emissions. In Figure 1. , the Private Marginal Cost (PMC) has shifted into the same position as the Social Marginal Cost (SMC) 3 was in Figure 1. 1, as now the Airliners have to pay for the negative externalities they are causing, consequently leaving the society left without having to pay for the pollution the aircraft caused, and the negative externality being pollution, abolished. Also, the Private Marginal Cost has become sharper, as the company must now compensations in case it exceeds a certain amount of carbon gas emissions. This is an incentive for the company to either produce less or produce more eco-friendly. As a result, Figure 1. 3 will arise, as the respective Airline Firm is now producing eco-friendly, and will not exceed the limits on its carbon gas emissions, furthermore will even be able to sell some of its excess pollution permits, to other firms who need surplus to cover their pollution. Fig 1. 3: During the Introduction of Pollution permits: The problem is that it does not happen like this, and that in fact the limits on the emissions are far too large for there to be any effect, and David Henderson from the Association of European Airlines (AEA), â€Å"We could see another trade war,† cited stiff opposition from the US several years ago against European plans aimed at reducing jet engine noise. A possible solution to the continuing problem would be further stringent regulations by the E. U. , and possibly a solid example are, the airline emission controls would come under already existing European emissions trading scheme (ETS), which was launched in â€Å"2005 as the cornerstone of EU efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. † 4 An evaluation of the economic theory shows that the idea behind the pollution permits is very good, and that there are some advantages of using it in real-life. However, it does not work as smoothly as was initially planned. For one, international airline firms are able to evade paying for the pollution permits, by moving production to developing economies outside the E. U. , who don't have any regulations on the carbon gas emissions. The effects of this are that they pollute excessively in the new production environment, which has exactly the opposite effect to the desired one. This of course, shows that many alterations need to be undertaken for the European Commission draft proposal's requirement of all flights arriving at or departing from EU airports to buy permits for their carbon dioxide emissions to work effectively. The E. U. will have to alter their plan slightly, which should be made more rigorous and binding to produce the desired plan, which is the slowing down of global warming, but also to combat the endless possibilities of negative externalities.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Is there equity in Out of Hours Services for Palliative patients in Essay

Is there equity in Out of Hours Services for Palliative patients in the community setting - Essay Example of an area, age of the patient, whether the patient has a primary diagnosis of cancer versus non cancer, whether the area is one of high social deprivation and if there are local trust financial constraints which necessarily have an impact on the services available. Equity in palliative care is a major issue facing England. This paper shall explore the various reasons to the equal or unequal access to palliative services which might be dependent on geography and road infrastructure of an area, age of the patient, whether the patient has a primary diagnosis of cancer versus non cancer, whether the area is one of high social deprivation and/or if there are local trust financial constraints which necessarily have an impact on the services available. Death is never a simple matter. Yet, while hospice and palliative care attention to end-of-life (EOL) care has benefited the general population, people with unequal palliative healthcare access and their families have not benefited from the same extent of end-of-life attention. Modern medical and nursing care have contributed to lengthening the life span of people with unequal access to palliative services because of geography and road infrastructure of the area, age of the patient, patient’s primary diagnosis of cancer or non cancer and the area of high social deprivation and low financial support so that previously fatal, acute illnesses and complications from their disabilities are now managed by artificial life support measures such as dialysis, gastrostomy, nephrostomy, or tracheotomy. As life expectancy lengthens for this special population, they ultimately face the same chronic and terminal illnesses as the general population and, consequently, the same decisions exist. Unfortunately, however, because of cognitive impairment frequently associated with people having various issues with palliative care access and individuals, family members must often serve as their proxies in EOL care decision making. Together

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Sovereignty is much spoken of in international relation but it is an Essay

Sovereignty is much spoken of in international relation but it is an increasingly meaningless concept in reality.do you agree discuss - Essay Example This uncertainty appears from at least two reasons, These two issues raise interrogations about the fixity of the concept of sovereignty often implicit by international relations intellectuals. A more classy view of sovereignty now visualize states and no state actors as affianced in a continual process of renegotiating the nature of sovereignty. de facto sovereignty is the ability in fact to do so (which becomes of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that de jure and de facto sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and rest in the same organization). Foreign governments recognize the sovereignty of a state over a territory, or refuse to do so." Externally, sovereignty can be considered as the "entry ticket" into the society of states. Recognition on the part of other states helps to ensure territorial integrity and reliability and is the reception into participating in diplomacy and international organizations on an equal grip with other states. To have sovereignty, a state must have an enduring population, it must have a distinct territory, it must have a supervision, and it must have the capacity to enter into political relations. No other unit could be regarded as a sovereign state, whatever its actual power. Yet, this definition is progressively more meaningless. As t As the concept of state sovereignty weakens in relevance, so notions of ethnic sovereignty have full-fledged. Yet, sovereign states have adhered stubbornly to their rights, rights which have become more valuable as they become rarer. The notions of sovereignty are not easily clear or elucidated. To a large degree this is because they are chiefly political concepts, rather than simply legal doctrine. With the growth in the international agreements, accords, rules and codes, national autonomy is becoming less relevant. This inclination is becoming more obvious in the modern viable settings, and especially the internet Now a days self-rule-self rule, self-generation and total independence from outside sources which we call sovereignity is meaningless in reality. . Without this quality in its genuine form, no one either the nation or individual has been able to achieve the happiness, health and peace which they are looking for. Generally a factual, cognizant state of sovereignty is absolutely grave for authentic, lasting satisfaction during the Earth experience. If we are not completely obvious as to the nature of this state, it's not astonishing. In premeditated harmony with

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Extra Credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Extra Credit - Essay Example At one point, some of the house owners could not sustain the charges and opted for the house to be taken by the bank (Ciro 68). The value for the mortgage dropped in two years to almost 50%, which represents a tremendous loss for the bank. The drop in sales and demand for mortgage made recovery of loans impossible. Many house sellers were making losses, while the bank was speculating for change in demand, which never occurred. The result was surplus of housing units with low demand affecting the prices of the housing units. The mortgage industry was among the main sectors that contributed to the financial crisis by creating price reduction. With the massive losses incurred from the mortgage industry, it was impossible for the banks to survive because of reliance on the mortgage as collateral. The losses were reflected on the bank balance sheet leading to increased liability. The continuous drop in value of housing unit did influence the uptake of loans. Initially, loans were taken with some areas such as California having bigger loans due to the cost of housing (Tongue 86). The number of customers willing to buy housing units has been decreasing while the house construction companies are constructing new houses. The result of the imbalance is the surplus witnessed in the mortgage industry. Bank lending was affected. Banks refuse to lend because of the volatility of the market leading to the panic in the market. In response to the reduced lending, the prices of mortgage came down significantly leading to increased losses in the banking and mortgage sectors of the economy. The capital and financial markets were affected. The effect lasted despite efforts of the government to provide bail out. The bail out did not achieve its goal because the liability in the financial sector had surpassed the availed finances. The steady decline in the value of the

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Analysis Of The Switzerland's Economic Assignment

Analysis Of The Switzerland's Economic - Assignment Example The country’s environment is peaceful and conducive for both local and international investments. The labor force in Switzerland is highly skilled thus has contributed to the high employment rate. The economic performance of the country as measured by the gross domestic product is among the leading worldwide. The high economic growth in the country is boosted by the service sector of the economy. Switzerland is amongst the top performing and highly competitive countries in the world due to its transparent legal systems, well-organized capital markets, low tax rates on corporations and outstanding infrastructural development.In order to fairly compete in the Euro zone, Switzerland has aligned its economic practices with those of other countries in Europe. Almost half of its total exports have their destinations within Europe. The country’s economy is more stable than for most of the countries in the Euro zone. The condition has led to an increase in the value of the Swis s Franc against other currencies in the Euro zone. A stable currency is an indicator of a viable investment opportunity. The economic indicatorsIn order to conform to the requirement of this report, factors influencing the following three economic indicators are to be discussed: economic growth, the inflation rate, and the exchange rate. The economic growth of a country is the rise in the market value of outputs (goods and services) that are produced in a country within a period, usually one year (McDowell 2012).

Monday, September 9, 2019

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Geography - Essay Example ch has focused on so-called transitions or changes in the population’s death rates and birth rates, as they pertain to populations in the industrialized world, stretching back two centuries. The model has four stages: stage 1, known as the pre-modern stage; stage 2, or the urbanizing/industrializing stage; stage 3, or the mature industrial stage; and stage 4, or the post-industrial stage. The early stages are characterized by high CBR and high CDR figures, at around 35-40 for every thousand. At stage four, or the post-industrial stage, the population is at its highest, even as CBR and CDR figures are at their lowest, at around 10 for every thousand people. In the model, the CBR and CDR figures trend downwards slowly from stage 1 to stage 2, but the downwards trend accelerates at stage 3, until the figures plateu at stage 4, at the levels described above, around 10 for every 1,000 population. The stages of the model, and the CDR, CBR, and population figures for every stage, are identified and plotted in this graph by way of illustration (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10): In the plot above, the large population at stage 4 and the low CBR and CDR figures there are graphically illustrated. In the first stage, the birth and death rates are similar, with CBR being only fractionally larger than CDR, so that the population was almost static, and population doubling was measured in thousands of years. Stage One is characterized by high levels of infant mortality, from poor hygiene that resulted in many diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization. Medicine was also archaic at that time, with knowledge on disease management and prevention being basic or unavailable altogether, and the threat of hunger from famines eventually coming to pass. The high death rates countered the effect of high birth rates, or CBR, at this stage (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10). In the industrialization and urbanization stage, or stage

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Marketing Take-home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Take-home Exam - Essay Example Information To conduct accurate and relevant marketing research, marketing intelligence plays a very crucial role by providing the necessary information. However, McDonald must determine what information it needs. There are two major questions relating to the sources of information i.e. (1) What are the internal information sources? and (2) what are the external information sources? External sources of information must include necessary data relating to the key competitors and target consumers. McDonald’s must access the relevant published sources to analysis the key strengths, weaknesses and market share of the competitors. This external information must indicate the recent developments taken place in the market and among the competitors. Consumers’ changing behavior also needs to be identified using the external information. On the other hand, internal sources of information are also very crucial. However, obtaining such information is an easy task for McDonaldâ€℠¢s as it needs coordination with cross-functional departments. Hence, McDonald’s must carry out data-base analysis to understand the up-sale and cross-sale opportunities and to identify the potential consumers. Communication Primary difference between market intelligence and marketing research is the basic communicational process. In market intelligence, there is better communication between the decision makers and market intelligence analysts. On the other hand, communication is necessary for gathering and disseminating external and internal information. However, in market intelligence, the two most important questions relating to communication are ‘how to develop better communication for gathering information?’ and ‘how to develop communication for decision making?’ For gathering external and internal information, better communication is necessary. McDonald’s must implement IT systems like RFID and SAP for developing interference-free data g athering. It helps to build a flawless and continuous communication system (Koster and Munoz, 2009, p.358). For better decision making process, using the market intelligence process ‘two-way communication’ is an effective method. To develop two-way communication, McDonald’s must focus on better cross-functional communication and superior interaction level with the employees and management. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is the most suitable approach as IMC helps to build an effective internal and external communications. People and Processes Managing the people and processes are challenging tasks for producing accurate and relevant outcome from market intelligence process. The first criterion in marketing research is to identify and develop research question. Once this task is over, McDonald must synchronize and manage the entire process. Two primary questions in this area are â€Å"how to involve relevant people in marketing intelligence process? and ‘how to develop effective and accurate process?’ McDonald’s must identify key employees to involve them in market intelligence process. Motivation and transparency are the two vital factors in this process. McDonald